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TABLE OF CONTENTS<br/>Foreword Toshiki Osada i<br/>Preface Jonathan Mark Kenoyer iii<br/>Acknowledgements vii<br/>Dedication xi<br/>CHAPTER 1 - OBJECTIVE, OVERVIEW AND THEORY. HARAPPA AND LINES OF INQUIRY i<br/>Chapter introduction - The principal research objective i<br/>Indus Civilization overview and theoretical orientation 5<br/>TheIndus Civilization 3<br/>Urbanism and itspreconditions 4<br/>Inter-regionalinteraction, long-distance trade andthe control ofessential resources 6<br/>Rock and mineralartifacts andgeologic provenience analysis 11<br/>Harappa I j<br/>General location and layout 14<br/>History ofdiscovery and research 14<br/>Harappas rock and mineralartifact assemblage 16<br/>Harappa's chronological/ culturalsequence 17<br/>Ravi Phase- Period i (> 5300BC - ca.2.800 BC) 19<br/>Kot Diji Phase - Period 1 (ca.1800 BCto 1600 BC) 10<br/>Harappa Phase - Period 3(1600 BCto 1900 BC) 10<br/>Period 3A 11<br/>Period 3B 11<br/>Period 3C 11<br/>Transitional and Late Harappa Phases - Periods 4& s (19°° BCto <1300 BC) 15<br/>Non-habitation areas at Harappa 14<br/>Three lines of inquiry 14<br/>First lineofinquiry - Harappan interaction/acquisition networks and theirextent 14<br/>Second lineofinquiry - Diachronic changes in interaction/acquisition patterns 17<br/>Twoancillary queries concerning diachronic changes 18<br/>Diachronicchanges in assemblage composition 18<br/>Diachronicchanges in the acquisition and use of bulk stone goods i8<br/>Ihird lineofinquiry - Site-wise synchronic variations 19<br/>Chapter conclusion-An outline OFTHIS book ,0<br/>CHAPTER 2-HARAPPA IN CONTEXT ,,<br/>CIhapter introduction - The Greater Indus region ^i<br/>(JeOGRAPHIC CONTEXT ^1<br/>CJeOIOGIC COM EXT<br/>The Allttvial Plains ; ^<br/>The Highlands , ^<br/>Temporal-cultural CONTEXTS<br/>Traditions, eras andphases ^<br/>Ancient settlements ofthe upper Indus Basin ,^<br/>The transforming culturallandscapes ofthe Indus Tradition 40<br/>Regionalization era (Early Harappan Period) 4,<br/>ca. }5ooro i8oo BC<br/>z8ootoi6ooBC<br/>Integration era - 1600to 1900 BC<br/>Localization era - 1900 BC to <1500 BC 47<br/>Chapter conclusion ^5^<br/>CHAPTER 3- STRATEGIES AND METHODS FOR SOURCING STONE AND METAL ARTIFACTS 49<br/>Chapter introduction - Strategies and ^methods 49<br/>Research STRATEGIES<br/>Usingprimarygeologic reference materials to locatepotential sources 5o<br/>Field-checkingandsamplingpotential Harappan rock and mineralsources 51<br/>Tapping other sources ojinformation:Johris, pansaris andpattarivalas 54<br/>The Provenience Postulate"and definingageographic scale ofprovenience resolution 56<br/>Methods OF MATERIAL IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION 58<br/>Visual inspection/comparison andbasic mineralogical testing 58<br/>X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis s9<br/>Electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) 60<br/>Spectrometric analysis 60<br/>Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) ^,<br/>Methods of data analysis .<br/>61<br/>Preliminary data analysis / bivariate plotting ^^<br/>Multivariate approaches ^<br/>Choiceofmethods<br/>Canonical Discriminant Analysis<br/>Discrimination<br/>Classification (and misclassification)<br/>Cluster Analysis<br/>Chapter conclusion - Statkmknts of provenifncf<br/>6s<br/>(HCAHPATITFtRR.I-NTmI.K..IR.IT(HTI:OKNA-N(I),lM«.A,KNKI/i,NU,I..ARrn„«h:,OTATI.SNS<^.:XTH,B, ,K,AIH,.'.. A| ' ' *"<br/>f MaIOR R()< k AM) MINKkAl VARIHIf s<br/>\lt .aitt -1<br/>- I<br/>Microcrystalline silicates 73<br/>Chert 73<br/>Agace-Jasper 73<br/>Siliciclastic sedimentary rocks 74<br/>Copperand copper minerals 74<br/>Minor ROCKANDMINERAL VARIETIES 75<br/>Vesuvianite-Grossular 75<br/>Igneous andMetamorphic rocks 77<br/>Gypsum 78<br/>Limestone 79<br/>Chalk 79<br/>Variegated andfossiliferous limestone 79<br/>Lapis Lazuli 80<br/>Crystalline quartz 80<br/>Gold 81<br/>"Emestite" 83<br/>Amazonite 84<br/>"Ochre"minerals 84<br/>Lead minerals 8s<br/>Serpentine 85<br/>Miscellaneous rock and mineral varieties 86<br/>Almandinegarnet 86<br/>Calcite 86<br/>Fluorite 86<br/>Fossils 88<br/>Kaolinite claystone 88<br/>Mica 88<br/>Nephritejade 88<br/>Prehnite 89<br/>Sidfur 89<br/>Tourmaline 89<br/>Turquoise 89<br/>Material varieties AT Harappa known ONLY from previous excavations 91<br/>Silver 91<br/>Arsenical minerals: LollingiteandOrpiment ^2<br/>Fuller's F.arth 92,<br/>Spatial and temporal aspects of Harappa's rock and mineral assemblage 9:5<br/>Contextualizing the rock andmineral assemblage ^^<br/>Ihe spatialandtemporal distribution of the rock andmineral assemblage 9^<br/>Spatialandtemporal variations in the rock andmineral assemblage 97<br/>Interpretation of the roc k and mineral assemblage's c:omposition and variability 100<br/>Chapter CONCLUSION loi<br/>CHAPTER 5-GRINDINGSTONE ACQUISITION NETWORKS 105<br/>Chapter introduction-The importance OF GRiNDiNGSTONES 10?<br/>Potential grindingstone sources in and around the upper Indus Basin 104<br/>The Kirana Hills 104<br/>The Sulaiman Range 107<br/>The Salt Range 107<br/>Bikaner area occurrences 107<br/>Thefoothills zone ofthe Himalayas 107<br/>Tosham Hills and Aravalli Outliers 107<br/>Determining the geologic provenience of Harappa's grindingstones 11 j<br/>The geologic provenience composition of Harappa's grindingstone assemblage 114<br/>Pab sandstone 11 5<br/>Delhiquartzite 119<br/>Gray sandstone i ^i<br/>Kirana Hills stone 111<br/>"Unknown" Provenience i z ?<br/>Diachronic and spatial variations in grindingstone source utilization at Harappa 11^<br/>Site-wise diachronic trends ingrindingstone source utilization 12.5<br/>RaviPhase - Period i (ca. jjoo BCto2800 BC) 115<br/>KotDiji Phase - Period 2 (2800 to2600 BC) 116<br/>Harappa Phase - Period3A (2600 to 2450 BC) 1ig<br/>HarappaPhase - PeriodjB (2430 to 2200 BC) 130<br/>Harappa Phase - Period3C (2200 toigoo BC)and surface/disturbed contextfinds 15 ^<br/>TransitionalandLate Harappa Phase - Periods4&s (ca. igoo to <1300 BC) , ^6<br/>Discussion - Patterns of grindingstone acquisition and discard at Harappa i<br/>Brief remarks on grindingstone acquisition patterns at other Indus cities 141<br/>Chapter conclusion<br/>CHAPTER6-CHERT ACQUISITION NETWORKS<br/>Chapter introduction - The three main types of chert at Harappa ,44<br/>Chert IN the Greater Indus region<br/>'4S<br/>Chert AT Harappa<br/>pLRPLE chert/chalcedony AND OTHER MINOR EaRLY HaRAPPAN MATERIAL SUB-VARIETIES 1,48<br/>Black-brown chert<br/>/ otentialsources ojblack-brown chert<br/>Sakesar Limestone, Salt Range, Punjab ' ^<br/>(jrcat l.imcstone, Jammu<br/>Moro Formation, Bolan Pass, Balochistan ' ^<br/>Potential black-brown chert sources not included in this studv '<br/>I 60<br/>INAA/CDAcomparison of black chertartifacts to potential sources 161<br/>Tan-Gray (Rohri?) CHERT i6j<br/>Rohri Hills, Sindh 164<br/>Rohri 164<br/>Adam Sultan 164<br/>Kot Diji 166<br/>Kandarki 167<br/>Otherpotentialsources oftan-gray chert 169<br/>Mohmand Agency, NWFP 169<br/>Kalat, Balochistan 169<br/>Buri Khel, SaltRange, Punjab 171<br/>Tan-gray chert sourccs notincluded inthis study 171<br/>INAA/CDA comparison oftan-gray chert artifacts to potentialsources 171<br/>Chapter CONCLUSION 175<br/>CHAPTER 7-STEATITE ACQUISITION NETWORKS ,78<br/>Chapter introduction - "steatite civilization" 178<br/>Steatite IN THE Indus Tradition 179<br/>The steatite assemblage at Harappa andsamples selectedfor this study 181<br/>Steatite samplesfrom otherprehistoric sites ig6<br/>Identifying potential steatite sources for Indus Tradition peoples 189<br/>Steatitepetrogenesis 189<br/>Samplinggeologic sources 191<br/>Steatite occurrences ofthe Greater Indus region 191<br/>Steatite occurrences in Balochistan 19;<br/>Las Bela District 19^<br/>Kalat District 197<br/>Zhob District 19?<br/>Steatite occurrences in the NWFP, FATA and Northern Areas 199<br/>Kurram Agency 199<br/>Khyber Agency ioi<br/>Peshawar District ioi<br/>Mohmand Agency ^02.<br/>Chitral District 101<br/>Northern Areas 2.01<br/>Swat District<br/>Hazara District<br/>Steatite occurrences in the Himalayas 10s<br/>lammu and Kashmir<br/>Hiinachal Pradesh<br/>, , , I lofi<br/>I'ttaraiuhal<br/>Steatite occurrences in Rajaschan<br/>Northern Rajasthan<br/>Jhunjhunu District<br/>AJwarand Dausa districts<br/>Southern Rajasthan<br/>Dolomitic occurrences sampled<br/>Ultramafic occurrences sampled<br/>Steatite occurrences in Gujarat<br/>Abriefnote on steatite occurrences in other regions 11 3<br/>AGEOLOGIC PROVENIENCE STUDY OF STEATITE ARTIFACTS FROM HaRAPI'A AND SEVEN OTHER SITES •• 11 3<br/>Pastgeologicprovenience studies ofsteatite artifacts 114<br/>Details and results ofthepresent study 2. i5<br/>Initial CDA and CA comparisons ofall steatite artifacts to the geologic sources 115<br/>Unfired steatite artifacts from Harappa 12, i<br/>Canonical discriminant analyses 111<br/>Cluster analyses 12,7<br/>Interpretation of the results 2.3 2.<br/>Type associations 2.31<br/>Addressing the three lines ofinquiry 2.34<br/>Unfired steatite artifacts from other sites ^<br/>Mohenjo-daro<br/>Mitathal<br/>2-4$<br/>Mehrgarh and Nausharo<br/>"Unknown" Loralai site<br/>Nagwadaand Gola Dhoro<br/>Tepe Hissar<br/>151<br/>Addendum; Recent findings from Dholavira and Rakhigarhi<br/>Summary and discussion<br/>Indus Tradition steatite acquisition networks (provisional)<br/>nueat-treatingsteatite and the desirefor "white-firing"stone ^^4<br/>Chapterconci.usion<br/>161<br/>CHAP PER 8- A(;ArF. ACQUISITION NETWORKS<br/>(C.hHOUMK™.V,Nanrd,„„LuOcTnENoNTIA-SI,osuoRu<rc:e,NscoHkAag„aAte,.ninAMtheAoCminEM ER INIIUS REGION ANI, BEVOINIl, Z'Z<br/>Ihe formation ofagate and agate deposits ^ '<br/>Potential Harappan agate sources '<br/>A^atc deposits in C.ujarat<br/>Southeastern (uiiarar ^Ratanpur area deposits '<br/>Northern (.u|anu 166<br/>Kliandck, I.astern Kuti h<br/>Ill<br/>111<br/>111<br/>Mardak Bet, Little Rann ofKiitch 174<br/>Eastern Gujaratand Saurashtra 177<br/>Agate deposits elsewhere in South Asia 178<br/>Peninsular. Central and Eastern India 178<br/>Northern deposits 179<br/>Sindh and Balochistan 180<br/>Agate deposits beyond theGreater Indus region 181<br/>Section conclusion i 81<br/>A GEOLOGIC PROVENIENCE STUDY OF AGATE ARTIFACTS FROM HaRAPPA AND FIVE OTHER SITES i8}<br/>Agate source andproxy source samples 18}<br/>Agate artifacts 186<br/>Artifacts from Harappa 186<br/>Artifacts from fiveother Indus Tradition sites 2.88<br/>Analysis and comparison 2.89<br/>Interpretation (and qualification) ofthe results 194<br/>Artifacts from Harappa ,^5<br/>Artifacts from thefive other Indus Tradition sites 297<br/>Chapter CONCLUSION 2.98<br/>CHAPTER 9 - VESUVIANITE-GROSSULAR ACQUISITION NETWORKS joo<br/>Chapter Introduction-Harappan "Jade" ,00<br/>The MINERALOGY OFvesuvianite-grossular 500<br/>Characterization and identification of vesuvianite-grossular at Harappa 301<br/>Is vesuvianite-grossular Harappan "jade"? 505<br/>Where did the vesuvianite-grossular acquired by Harappans come from? 507<br/>Potential vesuvianite-gf ossular sources in India 507<br/>Potential vesuvianite-grossular sources inPakistan ^11<br/>An INAA comparison ofvesuvianite-grossular artifacts tosamples from three sources ?11<br/>Was vesuvianite-grossular exported to Mesopotamia from the Greater Indus region? u6<br/>Vesuvianite-grossular at Harappa and its association with "Ernestite" ?18<br/>Chapter conclusion U4<br/>CHAPTER 10 - ALABASTER ACQUISITION NETWORKS US<br/>Chapter Introduction - The different forms of (.vpsum at Indus Civilization sites us<br/>Alabaster AL Harappa<br/>Potfntiai sourc es of Harappan aiabaster U9<br/>(iypsuw oa urrcna-s that are not alabaster sources ^19<br/>Indus Alluvium Thar Desert<br/>Western Sindh<br/>(iiijar.u<br/>Uh Sal/ ^'<br/>The Sulaiman Range , 54<br/>Kohat 35^<br/>Otherpotential alabaster sources ^56<br/>Afghanistan<br/>Hazara(NWFP) ^,6<br/>Jammu and Kashmir<br/>Western Himalayas<br/>Determining the geologic provenience of Harappan alabaster artifacts ^37<br/>Geologic background - Marine evaporites and isotope curvesforSand Sr in seawater 337<br/>The sulfur curve o<br/>The strontium curve<br/>559 Sulfurandstrontium isotope analyses ofgeologicsources and Harappan artifacts 540<br/>Sulfur isotope analysis and results<br/>Strontium isotope analysis and results<br/>Bivariate plottingof theSandSranalysis data<br/>Chronologicalandspatialinterpretation ofalabasterprovenience determinations ^^g<br/>Characterization of Mari "Diamonds" from Harappa<br/>550<br/>Chapter conclusion<br/>551<br/>CHAPTER 11 - LIMESTONE ACQUISITION NETWORKS ,<br/>Chapter introduction - Limestone<br/>554<br/>Large limestone objects AT Harappa and other Indus cities<br/>554<br/>Types of limestone USED AT Harappa AND their POTENTIAL sources ^6,<br/>Sandy limestones ^g^<br/>Banded yellow-brown and yellow-brown sandy limestone (BANDED)<br/>Bright yellow-red sandy limestone (GOLDEN)<br/>Gray-red sandylimestone (GRAY)<br/>Three possible sourceformations for the sandv limestones usedat Harappa<br/>564<br/>Micritic and white chalky-porcelaneous limestones (MICRITICandWHITE)<br/>Section summary<br/>r- geologic PROVENIENCE STUDIES OF HaRAPPAN LIMESTONE ARTIFACTS<br/>Past studies, choice of instrumentation andpresentation ofdatiZ<br/>The archaeological andgeologic limestone datasets ^ ^<br/>Samplepreparation, analysis anddata evaluation ' ^<br/>Pilot study using the initialsample set ^~'<br/>ICP-MS analysis of the initial set<br/>INAA of the initial set 5~S<br/>l^-P-AFS analysis of the initial set 5^^*<br/>.•in.ilysii of the expanded set u-inf> ICP-.}IS 5~<br/><p..r„„„s a, ,lu. I„,|<br/>vc-ll„„ ,,„d u.|l„„<br/>?Si<br/>Bright or "GOLDEN" yellow-red sandy limescone (Jaisalmer stone?) 583<br/>GRAY-red sandy limestone jg6<br/>Micritic limestone jgg<br/>WHITE chalky porcelaneous limestone ^gg<br/>Section summary<br/>Discussion - Large LIMESTONE OBJECTS AT Harappa IN CONTEXT<br/>Chapter conclusion<br/>CHAPTER 12 - LEAD, SILVER AND COPPER ACQUISITION NETWORKS 396<br/>Chapter introduction - Metals jc,(5<br/>Lead, lead artifacts and artifacts containing or derived FROiVi lead 597<br/>Lead isotope analysis 397<br/>EDTAsampling ofleadandsilver artifacts andanalysis using ICP-MS 398<br/>PresentingandplottingPbisotope data 400<br/>Lead and SILVER 401<br/>The Pb isotope database ofpotentialHarappan leadandsilver sources 401<br/>Lead deposits in Balochistan 403<br/>Lead deposits in theNWFP 405<br/>Lead deposits in Jammu and Kashmir 406<br/>Lead deposits in Himachal Pradesh and Uttaranchal 408<br/>Lead deposits in Rajasthan and Gujarat 411<br/>Lead deposits elsewhere in South Asia 415<br/>Lead deposits in Oman and Iran 415<br/>Afghanistan 4i7<br/>Plottingand evaluating the Pb isotope datafor South Asian lead deposits 417<br/>Determining theprobablegeologicproveniences ofleadartifactsfrom Harappa 410<br/>Lead ores 42.i<br/>"Finished"lead artifacts 4i5<br/>Lead slags and lumps 4^6<br/>Lead residues 4i6<br/>Isotoptcassays ofleadandsilverartifactsfivm otherprehistoricsites 4?i<br/>The sites and artifacts 4? ^<br/>Results<br/>Lead artifacts<br/>441<br/>Silver artifacts<br/>44"'<br/>C'OPPER<br/>44^ Copper ore at Harappa<br/>Ihe IH> notopc database for copper ore sources 44-<br/>449<br/>The Aravallis<br/>the Himalayas<br/>Sources west of the Indus Valley ^'<br/>Iran<br/>Oman<br/>Analysis and resides<br/>Abriefnote onfurther and ongoingstudies ofHarappan copper 4^6<br/>Comparison OF THE LEAD AND COPPER DATASETS 4S6<br/>Chapter CONCLUSION 459<br/>CHAPTER 13-SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION 461<br/>Chapter INTRODUCTION 461<br/>Summary 462-<br/>Ravi Phase - Period I (ca.3300 BCto 2S00BC) 465<br/>Kot Diji Phase - Period2 (2S00 to 2600 BC) 464<br/>Harappa Phase - Period3A (2600 to24S0 BC) 4^>4<br/>Harappa Phase - Period3B (24^0 to 2200 BC) 466<br/>Harappa Phase - PeriodjC (2200 to /poo BC) 466<br/>Transitionaland LateHarappa Phase - Periods4&$ (ca. 1900 to <1300 BC) 468<br/>Provenience datafrom other prehistoric sites - Seventh to third millennium BC 468<br/>Addressing THE THREE LINES OF inquiry 4-'<br/>Discussion ^.8,<br/>The development andnature ofHarappan rock andmineral acquisition networks ^<br/>Competition and the control ofessential resources ^ ,<br/>Harappan inter-culturalrelationships<br/>[i}e primaryrock and mineral resource catchment areas ofIndus cities<br/>Harappa'sprimary rock and mineral catchment area<br/>Projcctcd primarycatchment areas for other Indus Civilization cities<br/>Abrief consideration of undetected acquisition patterns at Harappa<br/>Chapter conclusion<br/><br/>CHAPTER 14 - CONCLUDING REMARKS<br/>Accomplishments andfuture directions ^<br/>appf,ni)k;fs<br/>APPENDIX I.I: pRovi Nii f vs. Provkx<br/>AI>l'kM)IX2 h.VlAInu i.lnsi„ss,,|,<br/>API'I 2.2: K,.MARKS AN, ..N<br/>AmM.I.X-V, m.,„s ,M,«„a,Mak„s.,..s,a,,<br/>AmM.i.v:,, X,AV,.,H»A, ,,.,.A.A,Vs^.„mA„A,.,.,.«<br/>S I s<br/>AN( K.<br/>SCO<br/>^ I i<br/>A. Steatitefragment H1000/1084-1 51S<br/>B.Steatite fragment Hiooo/8983-5 SiS<br/>C. Steatite fragment H95/57i9-99 S'6<br/>D. Copper orefragment H90/2070-11 516<br/>E. Copperore fragment H95/4945-8 516<br/>F. Composite offour XRD scans ofvesuvianite-grossular garnet fragments S17<br/>G.Alabaster fragment H2000/9999-150 $18<br/>H. Lapis lazuli blocklct H2000/9999-77 518<br/>I. "Ernestite" fragment H2000/3 317-4 518<br/>J. "Ernestite" fragment H2000/3317-5 519<br/>K. "Ochre" fragment H90/5073-7, 4 519<br/>L."Ochre" fragment H2000/9999-122 519<br/>M. Leadore fragment H90/5011-147 S^-o<br/>N. Lead ore fragment H99/8857-1 Sio<br/>O. Lead orefragment H90/3193-6 $10<br/>P. Serpentine fragment H94/4999-13 521<br/>Q. Serpentine bead Hiooo/9508-2 511<br/>R. Calcitc fragment Hiooo/2i 10-77 S"<br/>S. Fluoritefragment H97/6977-7 521<br/>T. Micafragment H87/62. $iz<br/>U. Prehnite fragment H96/6303-475 523<br/>V. Sulfur fragment H96/6219-43 523<br/>W. Turquoise fragment H94/4999-213 524<br/>X.Chagai "turquoise" sample from J.-E Jarrige 514<br/>APPENDIX 4.3: Characterization of two basalt artifacts using EMPA. 515<br/>APPENDIX 4.4: The Lapis Lazuli Question. 528<br/>Introduction 5^8<br/>Lapis lazuli in Ancient SouthAsia S18<br/>Potential Harappan lapis lazuli sources S31<br/>Doubtsabouta source of lapis lazuli in the Chagai Hills 531<br/>Asulfur isotope study of lapis lazuli artifacts andsource samples 536<br/>Vie sample set S36<br/>Samplepreparation andanalysis $39<br/>Results S40<br/>Recent lapis lazuli provenience research using other techniques 541<br/>Conclusion S4i<br/>APPENDIX 4.5: The "Ernestite" Problem. ^44<br/>"Ernestite" S44<br/>XRD analysis of"Ernestite" S46<br/>EMPA of "Ernestite" S4^<br/>What is "Ernestite"? S49<br/>Where does "Ernestite" come from? ^^"<br/>"Ernestitc" as adrill-making material SS^<br/>Concl. usi. on<br/>Addendum -Asmall test ^<br/>appendix 4.6; ALate Harappan Kaolinite Bead.<br/>Discovery<br/>Identification<br/>VP'SEM<br/>XRD SS8<br/>Conclusion s6o<br/>APPENDIX 4.7: The identification, characterization and potential sources of a nephrite jade<br/>AMULET recovered FROM THE CEMETERY AREA AT HaRAPPA. 56 I<br/>Description anddiscovery 561<br/>Identification and characterization 561<br/>XRD 561<br/>FP-SEM 561<br/>Conclusion $6^<br/>Potential sources 565<br/>Possibilities for future studies 568<br/>APPENDIX 5.1: All querns and mullers (whole and fragmentary) recovered from<br/>excavations and surveys at HaRAPPA from 1986 TO 2.004. 569<br/>APPENDIX 5.2: Grindingstones in the Harappa Museum from PRE-1986 excavations. 591<br/>APPENDIX 6.1: Elemental concentrations for? black chert artifacts from Harappa. 59?<br/>APPENDIX 6.2: Elemental concentrations for black chert samples from the Bolan PassandJammu. 59 ?<br/>APPENDIX 6.3: Elemental concentrations for black chert samples fromSakesarLimestone,Salt Range. 594<br/>APPENDIX 6.4: Elemental concentrations for tan-gray chert artifacts from Harappa and Nagwada. 594<br/>APPENDIX 6.5: Elemental concentrationsfor tan-gray chert samples from four Rohri Hillslocations. 595<br/>APPENDIX6.6: Elemental concentrations for tan-gray chert samples from Balochistan, the<br/>NWFP and the Punjab.<br/>APPENDIX 6.7: Standardized canonical discriminant function coefficients for figures in Chapter 6<br/>generated using canonical discriminant analysis.<br/>S9" APPENDIX 7.1: Type, context and CDA prediction information for the unfired steatite artifacts<br/>from Harappa analyzed for this study.<br/>S98 APPENDIX il\ Steatitedeposits in Pakistan and India sampled for this stud APPENDIX7 INAA FORSTB.T.TE COtUCTBD ^<br/>APPENDIX -4: INAA data for steatite artifacts from Harappa<br/>APPENDIX ".5: INAA data for unfired STFATITF ARTIkir re r V.<br/>APPENDIX .6; INAA data for unfirfd stfa-t>i^t"frFa.rAtiRfraiF(Art(. vrpsFRoMMoHFNjo-DARo(MD) r,..<br/>AAlPlPh.KNNDDlXIX--: IINNAAAA data H)R I NURH, SILA, """"•''""•^l'-"«>''«'nMR!AN„,N>s„A„„(NS^l <,i^<br/>lnknovc nI.orai ai sn t (lOR) and "Ii p,. Hissa,, n m ^ Nac.wada (N(iVX \<br/>APP1\I)I\'~X \iivT ^ Ml IAIH AI (Mil). (,|6 X: SlAM)ARl)l/(.;i,( anonk AI DISC RI V. rN-a v, .<br/>A.ms.K.M.NASM-.., ,,.>N..nM.KM..sH>KS.A.TM<P,<>,S.N<br/>Chapter 7 generated using canonical discriminant analysis. 617<br/>APPENDIX7.9:Cluster Analysis (Complete linkage) of all steatite artifacts and geologic samples. 619<br/>APPENDIX7.I0: Cluster Analysis (Complete linkage) of 140steatite artifacts from Harappa. 634<br/>APPENDIX 7.11: Cluster Analysis (Complete linkage) of ALL 177steatite artifacts. 636<br/>APPENDIX 7.12: Notes on experimental heating of black steatite from Mehrgarh. 640<br/>APPENDIX 7.13: XRD characterization of six white beads from Mehrgarh. 647<br/>APPENDIX 7.14: XRD and EMPA characterization of steatite beads from Harappa, Loralai,<br/>AND Gola Dhoro. 649<br/>APPENDIX 7.15: EMPA, VP-SEM and XRD observations of a steatite seal boss from Harappa. 651<br/>Introduction<br/>Boss description and summary ofpast work on seal surface treatments 653<br/>EMPA 65 s<br/>VP-SEM/EDS 659<br/>Surface layer insection 659<br/>Micro-crack 661<br/>Patchy exterior surface 663<br/>XRD 666<br/>Conclusion 667<br/>APPENDIX 7.16: Heating and characterization of steatite from various geologic sources. •••• 669<br/>APPENDIX 7.17: Is it possible to source fired steatite artifacts using INAA? 678<br/>Introduction 678<br/>Experimental heating and INAA 678<br/>Results 680<br/>Conclusion 685<br/>APPENDIX 8.1: INAA data for agate samples from Ratanpur, Gujarat. 686<br/>APPENDIX 8.2: INAA data for AGATE samples from Mardak Bet, Gujarat. 687<br/>APPENDIX 8.3: INAA DATA for agate samples from Khandek, Gujarat. 688<br/>APPENDIX 8.4: INAAdataforagate artifacts FROM Shahr-i-Sokhta, Iran. 688<br/>APPENDIX 8.5: INAA data for agate artifacts from Harappa. 689<br/>APPENDIX 8.6: INAA data for agate artifacts from Mehrgarh (AMR) and Nausharo (ANS). ••• 690<br/>APPENDIX 8.7: INAAdata for agate artifacts from Mohenjo-daro (AMD),Chanhu-daro (ACD)<br/>AND Nagwada (ANGW). 691<br/>APPENDIX 8.8: First predicted group memberships (PGMs) for agate artifacts generated from<br/>three CDAs INChapter 8. 691<br/>APPENDIX 8.9: Standardized canonical discriminant function coefficients for the scatter and<br/>box plots in Chapter 8 generated using canonical discriminant analysis. 693<br/>APPENDIX 9.1: EMPA of archaeological and geologic vesuvianite-grossular samples. 694<br/>Archaeological fragments 694<br/>(jcologic Samples 697<br/>APPENDIX 9.2: Analyses of vesuvianite-grossular fragments from Mohenjo-daro. 698<br/>APPENDIX 9.3: XRD of massive vesuvianitf from Kumbhalgarh Forest, Rajasthan. 699<br/>APPENDIX 9.4: INAA data for vesuvianite-grossular samples from Harappa and Mohenjo-daro<br/>(MDV). 700<br/>APPENDIX9.5:INAAdata for vesuvianite-grossular samples from Sakhakot-Qila (FATA-SQ) and<br/>Taleri MohammedJan (B-TMJ). 701<br/>APPENDIX 9.6: INAA data for vesuvianite-grossular samples from Kumbhalgarh Forest Reserve,<br/>Rajasthan (Raj-K). 701<br/>APPENDIX 9.7: Standardized canonical discriminant function coefficients for Figure 9.8. 701<br/>APPENDIX 9.8: Six alternate clustering strategies using the vesuvianite-grossular comparative<br/>data. 70 ^<br/>APPENDIX 9.9: Is the vesuvianite-grossular / "Ernestite" association genuine? 704<br/>APPENDIX lO.l: Sulfur and strontium isotope values for alabaster artifacts from Harappa,<br/>Mohenjo-daro. Rehman Dheri and Musa Khel. 708<br/>APPENDIX 10.2: Sulfur and strontium isotope values for geologic samples of alabaster from<br/>sources in the Sulaiman Mountains, Salt Range and Kohat. 709<br/>APPENDIX 10.3: List of PINK bi-pyramidal quartz crystals (Mari "Diamonds") from Harappa. 710<br/>APPENDIX 11.1: Archaeological limestone samples from Harappa analyzed for this study. 711<br/>APPENDIX 11.2: Results of ICP-MS analysis of the initial limestone set. 7,5<br/>APPENDIX 11.3: Results of INAA analysis of the initial limestone set. 7,6<br/>APPENDIX 11.4: Results of ICP-AES analysis of the expanded geologic limestone sample set. • 717<br/>APPENDIX 11.5: Results of ICP-AES analysis of the expanded Harappan limestone sample set. - 711<br/>APPENDIX 11.6:Standardized canonical discriminant function coefficients for figures in<br/>Chapter i i generated using canonical discriminant analysis. 72-6<br/>APPENDIX 11.7: Hierarchical cluster analysis of initial limestone samples set INAA data. 7x7<br/>APPENDIX 12.1: Pb isotope data for ore samples from lead deposits in India, Pakistan and Oman. • -18<br/>APPENDIX 12.2: Context and Pb isotope data for ,9archaeological lead ore fragments from<br/>Harappa<br/>APPENDIX 12.3: Pb isotope data for lead artifacts, slags, lumps and residues from Harappa. -^6<br/>ENDIX 12.4. Pb isotope data for lead artifactsfrom Shahr-i-Sokhta. Ml'ndigak, Mehrcjarh,<br/>Nausharo, Gola Dhoro AND Mohenjo-daro.<br/>12.5. Pb isotope data for silver artifacts from Allahdino. Mohenjo-daro, Mundigak,<br/>Gola Dhoro and Nagwada.<br/>APPENDIX 1 ^^•^^^''''Ntiffrous galena deposit at Nakhlak, Iran.<br/>appendix 128 'fE"d'as^ta^tfoopre caonpaplyesreosroefsmanoddeSLrnAlilSeaFRdOiMjbDjeEcPtOsSIanISdINsuInbDstIaAn, iPakKs.ISI AN. IkAN<br/>and Oman .<br/>-H' ' KS EKOM FM. Indus BasIN IO THE S., , ShoRT.CHAL<br/>Rm R1 N( Ks<br/>-4^) |
