Current studies on the Indus civilization / edited by Toshiki Osada, Akinori Uesugi.

"An earlier version of this work was published under the title Linguistic archaeology and the human past in 2008"--T.p. verso.

Vol. 5: edited by Viveka Dangi.

Vol. 8, pt. 1 (text) has subtitle: Inter-regional interaction and urbanism in the ancient Indus valley : a geological provinience study of Harappa's rock and mineral assemblage / Randall William Law ; v. 8, pt. 2: Appendices and references

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword Toshiki Osada i
Preface Jonathan Mark Kenoyer iii
Acknowledgements vii
Dedication xi
CHAPTER 1 - OBJECTIVE, OVERVIEW AND THEORY. HARAPPA AND LINES OF INQUIRY i
Chapter introduction - The principal research objective i
Indus Civilization overview and theoretical orientation 5
TheIndus Civilization 3
Urbanism and itspreconditions 4
Inter-regionalinteraction, long-distance trade andthe control ofessential resources 6
Rock and mineralartifacts andgeologic provenience analysis 11
Harappa I j
General location and layout 14
History ofdiscovery and research 14
Harappas rock and mineralartifact assemblage 16
Harappa's chronological/ culturalsequence 17
Ravi Phase- Period i (> 5300BC - ca.2.800 BC) 19
Kot Diji Phase - Period 1 (ca.1800 BCto 1600 BC) 10
Harappa Phase - Period 3(1600 BCto 1900 BC) 10
Period 3A 11
Period 3B 11
Period 3C 11
Transitional and Late Harappa Phases - Periods 4& s (19°° BCto <1300 BC) 15
Non-habitation areas at Harappa 14
Three lines of inquiry 14
First lineofinquiry - Harappan interaction/acquisition networks and theirextent 14
Second lineofinquiry - Diachronic changes in interaction/acquisition patterns 17
Twoancillary queries concerning diachronic changes 18
Diachronicchanges in assemblage composition 18
Diachronicchanges in the acquisition and use of bulk stone goods i8
Ihird lineofinquiry - Site-wise synchronic variations 19
Chapter conclusion-An outline OFTHIS book ,0
CHAPTER 2-HARAPPA IN CONTEXT ,,
CIhapter introduction - The Greater Indus region ^i
(JeOGRAPHIC CONTEXT ^1
CJeOIOGIC COM EXT
The Allttvial Plains ; ^
The Highlands , ^
Temporal-cultural CONTEXTS
Traditions, eras andphases ^
Ancient settlements ofthe upper Indus Basin ,^
The transforming culturallandscapes ofthe Indus Tradition 40
Regionalization era (Early Harappan Period) 4,
ca. }5ooro i8oo BC
z8ootoi6ooBC
Integration era - 1600to 1900 BC
Localization era - 1900 BC to <1500 BC 47
Chapter conclusion ^5^
CHAPTER 3- STRATEGIES AND METHODS FOR SOURCING STONE AND METAL ARTIFACTS 49
Chapter introduction - Strategies and ^methods 49
Research STRATEGIES
Usingprimarygeologic reference materials to locatepotential sources 5o
Field-checkingandsamplingpotential Harappan rock and mineralsources 51
Tapping other sources ojinformation:Johris, pansaris andpattarivalas 54
The Provenience Postulate"and definingageographic scale ofprovenience resolution 56
Methods OF MATERIAL IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION 58
Visual inspection/comparison andbasic mineralogical testing 58
X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis s9
Electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) 60
Spectrometric analysis 60
Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) ^,
Methods of data analysis .
61
Preliminary data analysis / bivariate plotting ^^
Multivariate approaches ^
Choiceofmethods
Canonical Discriminant Analysis
Discrimination
Classification (and misclassification)
Cluster Analysis
Chapter conclusion - Statkmknts of provenifncf
6s
(HCAHPATITFtRR.I-NTmI.K..IR.IT(HTI:OKNA-N(I),lM«.A,KNKI/i,NU,I..ARrn„«h:,OTATI.SNS<^.:XTH,B, ,K,AIH,.'.. A| ' ' *"
f MaIOR R()< k AM) MINKkAl VARIHIf s
\lt .aitt -1
- I
Microcrystalline silicates 73
Chert 73
Agace-Jasper 73
Siliciclastic sedimentary rocks 74
Copperand copper minerals 74
Minor ROCKANDMINERAL VARIETIES 75
Vesuvianite-Grossular 75
Igneous andMetamorphic rocks 77
Gypsum 78
Limestone 79
Chalk 79
Variegated andfossiliferous limestone 79
Lapis Lazuli 80
Crystalline quartz 80
Gold 81
"Emestite" 83
Amazonite 84
"Ochre"minerals 84
Lead minerals 8s
Serpentine 85
Miscellaneous rock and mineral varieties 86
Almandinegarnet 86
Calcite 86
Fluorite 86
Fossils 88
Kaolinite claystone 88
Mica 88
Nephritejade 88
Prehnite 89
Sidfur 89
Tourmaline 89
Turquoise 89
Material varieties AT Harappa known ONLY from previous excavations 91
Silver 91
Arsenical minerals: LollingiteandOrpiment ^2
Fuller's F.arth 92,
Spatial and temporal aspects of Harappa's rock and mineral assemblage 9:5
Contextualizing the rock andmineral assemblage ^^
Ihe spatialandtemporal distribution of the rock andmineral assemblage 9^
Spatialandtemporal variations in the rock andmineral assemblage 97
Interpretation of the roc k and mineral assemblage's c:omposition and variability 100
Chapter CONCLUSION loi
CHAPTER 5-GRINDINGSTONE ACQUISITION NETWORKS 105
Chapter introduction-The importance OF GRiNDiNGSTONES 10?
Potential grindingstone sources in and around the upper Indus Basin 104
The Kirana Hills 104
The Sulaiman Range 107
The Salt Range 107
Bikaner area occurrences 107
Thefoothills zone ofthe Himalayas 107
Tosham Hills and Aravalli Outliers 107
Determining the geologic provenience of Harappa's grindingstones 11 j
The geologic provenience composition of Harappa's grindingstone assemblage 114
Pab sandstone 11 5
Delhiquartzite 119
Gray sandstone i ^i
Kirana Hills stone 111
"Unknown" Provenience i z ?
Diachronic and spatial variations in grindingstone source utilization at Harappa 11^
Site-wise diachronic trends ingrindingstone source utilization 12.5
RaviPhase - Period i (ca. jjoo BCto2800 BC) 115
KotDiji Phase - Period 2 (2800 to2600 BC) 116
Harappa Phase - Period3A (2600 to 2450 BC) 1ig
HarappaPhase - PeriodjB (2430 to 2200 BC) 130
Harappa Phase - Period3C (2200 toigoo BC)and surface/disturbed contextfinds 15 ^
TransitionalandLate Harappa Phase - Periods4&s (ca. igoo to <1300 BC) , ^6
Discussion - Patterns of grindingstone acquisition and discard at Harappa i
Brief remarks on grindingstone acquisition patterns at other Indus cities 141
Chapter conclusion
CHAPTER6-CHERT ACQUISITION NETWORKS
Chapter introduction - The three main types of chert at Harappa ,44
Chert IN the Greater Indus region
'4S
Chert AT Harappa
pLRPLE chert/chalcedony AND OTHER MINOR EaRLY HaRAPPAN MATERIAL SUB-VARIETIES 1,48
Black-brown chert
/ otentialsources ojblack-brown chert
Sakesar Limestone, Salt Range, Punjab ' ^
(jrcat l.imcstone, Jammu
Moro Formation, Bolan Pass, Balochistan ' ^
Potential black-brown chert sources not included in this studv '
I 60
INAA/CDAcomparison of black chertartifacts to potential sources 161
Tan-Gray (Rohri?) CHERT i6j
Rohri Hills, Sindh 164
Rohri 164
Adam Sultan 164
Kot Diji 166
Kandarki 167
Otherpotentialsources oftan-gray chert 169
Mohmand Agency, NWFP 169
Kalat, Balochistan 169
Buri Khel, SaltRange, Punjab 171
Tan-gray chert sourccs notincluded inthis study 171
INAA/CDA comparison oftan-gray chert artifacts to potentialsources 171
Chapter CONCLUSION 175
CHAPTER 7-STEATITE ACQUISITION NETWORKS ,78
Chapter introduction - "steatite civilization" 178
Steatite IN THE Indus Tradition 179
The steatite assemblage at Harappa andsamples selectedfor this study 181
Steatite samplesfrom otherprehistoric sites ig6
Identifying potential steatite sources for Indus Tradition peoples 189
Steatitepetrogenesis 189
Samplinggeologic sources 191
Steatite occurrences ofthe Greater Indus region 191
Steatite occurrences in Balochistan 19;
Las Bela District 19^
Kalat District 197
Zhob District 19?
Steatite occurrences in the NWFP, FATA and Northern Areas 199
Kurram Agency 199
Khyber Agency ioi
Peshawar District ioi
Mohmand Agency ^02.
Chitral District 101
Northern Areas 2.01
Swat District
Hazara District
Steatite occurrences in the Himalayas 10s
lammu and Kashmir
Hiinachal Pradesh
, , , I lofi
I'ttaraiuhal
Steatite occurrences in Rajaschan
Northern Rajasthan
Jhunjhunu District
AJwarand Dausa districts
Southern Rajasthan
Dolomitic occurrences sampled
Ultramafic occurrences sampled
Steatite occurrences in Gujarat
Abriefnote on steatite occurrences in other regions 11 3
AGEOLOGIC PROVENIENCE STUDY OF STEATITE ARTIFACTS FROM HaRAPI'A AND SEVEN OTHER SITES •• 11 3
Pastgeologicprovenience studies ofsteatite artifacts 114
Details and results ofthepresent study 2. i5
Initial CDA and CA comparisons ofall steatite artifacts to the geologic sources 115
Unfired steatite artifacts from Harappa 12, i
Canonical discriminant analyses 111
Cluster analyses 12,7
Interpretation of the results 2.3 2.
Type associations 2.31
Addressing the three lines ofinquiry 2.34
Unfired steatite artifacts from other sites ^
Mohenjo-daro
Mitathal
2-4$
Mehrgarh and Nausharo
"Unknown" Loralai site
Nagwadaand Gola Dhoro
Tepe Hissar
151
Addendum; Recent findings from Dholavira and Rakhigarhi
Summary and discussion
Indus Tradition steatite acquisition networks (provisional)
nueat-treatingsteatite and the desirefor "white-firing"stone ^^4
Chapterconci.usion
161
CHAP PER 8- A(;ArF. ACQUISITION NETWORKS
(C.hHOUMK™.V,Nanrd,„„LuOcTnENoNTIA-SI,osuoRu<rc:e,NscoHkAag„aAte,.ninAMtheAoCminEM ER INIIUS REGION ANI, BEVOINIl, Z'Z
Ihe formation ofagate and agate deposits ^ '
Potential Harappan agate sources '
A^atc deposits in C.ujarat
Southeastern (uiiarar ^Ratanpur area deposits '
Northern (.u|anu 166
Kliandck, I.astern Kuti h
Ill
111
111
Mardak Bet, Little Rann ofKiitch 174
Eastern Gujaratand Saurashtra 177
Agate deposits elsewhere in South Asia 178
Peninsular. Central and Eastern India 178
Northern deposits 179
Sindh and Balochistan 180
Agate deposits beyond theGreater Indus region 181
Section conclusion i 81
A GEOLOGIC PROVENIENCE STUDY OF AGATE ARTIFACTS FROM HaRAPPA AND FIVE OTHER SITES i8}
Agate source andproxy source samples 18}
Agate artifacts 186
Artifacts from Harappa 186
Artifacts from fiveother Indus Tradition sites 2.88
Analysis and comparison 2.89
Interpretation (and qualification) ofthe results 194
Artifacts from Harappa ,^5
Artifacts from thefive other Indus Tradition sites 297
Chapter CONCLUSION 2.98
CHAPTER 9 - VESUVIANITE-GROSSULAR ACQUISITION NETWORKS joo
Chapter Introduction-Harappan "Jade" ,00
The MINERALOGY OFvesuvianite-grossular 500
Characterization and identification of vesuvianite-grossular at Harappa 301
Is vesuvianite-grossular Harappan "jade"? 505
Where did the vesuvianite-grossular acquired by Harappans come from? 507
Potential vesuvianite-gf ossular sources in India 507
Potential vesuvianite-grossular sources inPakistan ^11
An INAA comparison ofvesuvianite-grossular artifacts tosamples from three sources ?11
Was vesuvianite-grossular exported to Mesopotamia from the Greater Indus region? u6
Vesuvianite-grossular at Harappa and its association with "Ernestite" ?18
Chapter conclusion U4
CHAPTER 10 - ALABASTER ACQUISITION NETWORKS US
Chapter Introduction - The different forms of (.vpsum at Indus Civilization sites us
Alabaster AL Harappa
Potfntiai sourc es of Harappan aiabaster U9
(iypsuw oa urrcna-s that are not alabaster sources ^19
Indus Alluvium Thar Desert
Western Sindh
(iiijar.u
Uh Sal/ ^'
The Sulaiman Range , 54
Kohat 35^
Otherpotential alabaster sources ^56
Afghanistan
Hazara(NWFP) ^,6
Jammu and Kashmir
Western Himalayas
Determining the geologic provenience of Harappan alabaster artifacts ^37
Geologic background - Marine evaporites and isotope curvesforSand Sr in seawater 337
The sulfur curve o
The strontium curve
559 Sulfurandstrontium isotope analyses ofgeologicsources and Harappan artifacts 540
Sulfur isotope analysis and results
Strontium isotope analysis and results
Bivariate plottingof theSandSranalysis data
Chronologicalandspatialinterpretation ofalabasterprovenience determinations ^^g
Characterization of Mari "Diamonds" from Harappa
550
Chapter conclusion
551
CHAPTER 11 - LIMESTONE ACQUISITION NETWORKS ,
Chapter introduction - Limestone
554
Large limestone objects AT Harappa and other Indus cities
554
Types of limestone USED AT Harappa AND their POTENTIAL sources ^6,
Sandy limestones ^g^
Banded yellow-brown and yellow-brown sandy limestone (BANDED)
Bright yellow-red sandy limestone (GOLDEN)
Gray-red sandylimestone (GRAY)
Three possible sourceformations for the sandv limestones usedat Harappa
564
Micritic and white chalky-porcelaneous limestones (MICRITICandWHITE)
Section summary
r- geologic PROVENIENCE STUDIES OF HaRAPPAN LIMESTONE ARTIFACTS
Past studies, choice of instrumentation andpresentation ofdatiZ
The archaeological andgeologic limestone datasets ^ ^
Samplepreparation, analysis anddata evaluation ' ^
Pilot study using the initialsample set ^~'
ICP-MS analysis of the initial set
INAA of the initial set 5~S
l^-P-AFS analysis of the initial set 5^^*
.•in.ilysii of the expanded set u-inf> ICP-.}IS 5~
<p..r„„„s a, ,lu. I„,|
vc-ll„„ ,,„d u.|l„„
?Si
Bright or "GOLDEN" yellow-red sandy limescone (Jaisalmer stone?) 583
GRAY-red sandy limestone jg6
Micritic limestone jgg
WHITE chalky porcelaneous limestone ^gg
Section summary
Discussion - Large LIMESTONE OBJECTS AT Harappa IN CONTEXT
Chapter conclusion
CHAPTER 12 - LEAD, SILVER AND COPPER ACQUISITION NETWORKS 396
Chapter introduction - Metals jc,(5
Lead, lead artifacts and artifacts containing or derived FROiVi lead 597
Lead isotope analysis 397
EDTAsampling ofleadandsilver artifacts andanalysis using ICP-MS 398
PresentingandplottingPbisotope data 400
Lead and SILVER 401
The Pb isotope database ofpotentialHarappan leadandsilver sources 401
Lead deposits in Balochistan 403
Lead deposits in theNWFP 405
Lead deposits in Jammu and Kashmir 406
Lead deposits in Himachal Pradesh and Uttaranchal 408
Lead deposits in Rajasthan and Gujarat 411
Lead deposits elsewhere in South Asia 415
Lead deposits in Oman and Iran 415
Afghanistan 4i7
Plottingand evaluating the Pb isotope datafor South Asian lead deposits 417
Determining theprobablegeologicproveniences ofleadartifactsfrom Harappa 410
Lead ores 42.i
"Finished"lead artifacts 4i5
Lead slags and lumps 4^6
Lead residues 4i6
Isotoptcassays ofleadandsilverartifactsfivm otherprehistoricsites 4?i
The sites and artifacts 4? ^
Results
Lead artifacts
441
Silver artifacts
44"'
C'OPPER
44^ Copper ore at Harappa
Ihe IH> notopc database for copper ore sources 44-
449
The Aravallis
the Himalayas
Sources west of the Indus Valley ^'
Iran
Oman
Analysis and resides
Abriefnote onfurther and ongoingstudies ofHarappan copper 4^6
Comparison OF THE LEAD AND COPPER DATASETS 4S6
Chapter CONCLUSION 459
CHAPTER 13-SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION 461
Chapter INTRODUCTION 461
Summary 462-
Ravi Phase - Period I (ca.3300 BCto 2S00BC) 465
Kot Diji Phase - Period2 (2S00 to 2600 BC) 464
Harappa Phase - Period3A (2600 to24S0 BC) 4^>4
Harappa Phase - Period3B (24^0 to 2200 BC) 466
Harappa Phase - PeriodjC (2200 to /poo BC) 466
Transitionaland LateHarappa Phase - Periods4&$ (ca. 1900 to <1300 BC) 468
Provenience datafrom other prehistoric sites - Seventh to third millennium BC 468
Addressing THE THREE LINES OF inquiry 4-'
Discussion ^.8,
The development andnature ofHarappan rock andmineral acquisition networks ^
Competition and the control ofessential resources ^ ,
Harappan inter-culturalrelationships
[i}e primaryrock and mineral resource catchment areas ofIndus cities
Harappa'sprimary rock and mineral catchment area
Projcctcd primarycatchment areas for other Indus Civilization cities
Abrief consideration of undetected acquisition patterns at Harappa
Chapter conclusion

CHAPTER 14 - CONCLUDING REMARKS
Accomplishments andfuture directions ^
appf,ni)k;fs
APPENDIX I.I: pRovi Nii f vs. Provkx
AI>l'kM)IX2 h.VlAInu i.lnsi„ss,,|,
API'I 2.2: K,.MARKS AN, ..N
AmM.I.X-V, m.,„s ,M,«„a,Mak„s.,..s,a,,
AmM.i.v:,, X,AV,.,H»A, ,,.,.A.A,Vs^.„mA„A,.,.,.«
S I s
AN( K.
SCO
^ I i
A. Steatitefragment H1000/1084-1 51S
B.Steatite fragment Hiooo/8983-5 SiS
C. Steatite fragment H95/57i9-99 S'6
D. Copper orefragment H90/2070-11 516
E. Copperore fragment H95/4945-8 516
F. Composite offour XRD scans ofvesuvianite-grossular garnet fragments S17
G.Alabaster fragment H2000/9999-150 $18
H. Lapis lazuli blocklct H2000/9999-77 518
I. "Ernestite" fragment H2000/3 317-4 518
J. "Ernestite" fragment H2000/3317-5 519
K. "Ochre" fragment H90/5073-7, 4 519
L."Ochre" fragment H2000/9999-122 519
M. Leadore fragment H90/5011-147 S^-o
N. Lead ore fragment H99/8857-1 Sio
O. Lead orefragment H90/3193-6 $10
P. Serpentine fragment H94/4999-13 521
Q. Serpentine bead Hiooo/9508-2 511
R. Calcitc fragment Hiooo/2i 10-77 S"
S. Fluoritefragment H97/6977-7 521
T. Micafragment H87/62. $iz
U. Prehnite fragment H96/6303-475 523
V. Sulfur fragment H96/6219-43 523
W. Turquoise fragment H94/4999-213 524
X.Chagai "turquoise" sample from J.-E Jarrige 514
APPENDIX 4.3: Characterization of two basalt artifacts using EMPA. 515
APPENDIX 4.4: The Lapis Lazuli Question. 528
Introduction 5^8
Lapis lazuli in Ancient SouthAsia S18
Potential Harappan lapis lazuli sources S31
Doubtsabouta source of lapis lazuli in the Chagai Hills 531
Asulfur isotope study of lapis lazuli artifacts andsource samples 536
Vie sample set S36
Samplepreparation andanalysis $39
Results S40
Recent lapis lazuli provenience research using other techniques 541
Conclusion S4i
APPENDIX 4.5: The "Ernestite" Problem. ^44
"Ernestite" S44
XRD analysis of"Ernestite" S46
EMPA of "Ernestite" S4^
What is "Ernestite"? S49
Where does "Ernestite" come from? ^^"
"Ernestitc" as adrill-making material SS^
Concl. usi. on
Addendum -Asmall test ^
appendix 4.6; ALate Harappan Kaolinite Bead.
Discovery
Identification
VP'SEM
XRD SS8
Conclusion s6o
APPENDIX 4.7: The identification, characterization and potential sources of a nephrite jade
AMULET recovered FROM THE CEMETERY AREA AT HaRAPPA. 56 I
Description anddiscovery 561
Identification and characterization 561
XRD 561
FP-SEM 561
Conclusion $6^
Potential sources 565
Possibilities for future studies 568
APPENDIX 5.1: All querns and mullers (whole and fragmentary) recovered from
excavations and surveys at HaRAPPA from 1986 TO 2.004. 569
APPENDIX 5.2: Grindingstones in the Harappa Museum from PRE-1986 excavations. 591
APPENDIX 6.1: Elemental concentrations for? black chert artifacts from Harappa. 59?
APPENDIX 6.2: Elemental concentrations for black chert samples from the Bolan PassandJammu. 59 ?
APPENDIX 6.3: Elemental concentrations for black chert samples fromSakesarLimestone,Salt Range. 594
APPENDIX 6.4: Elemental concentrations for tan-gray chert artifacts from Harappa and Nagwada. 594
APPENDIX 6.5: Elemental concentrationsfor tan-gray chert samples from four Rohri Hillslocations. 595
APPENDIX6.6: Elemental concentrations for tan-gray chert samples from Balochistan, the
NWFP and the Punjab.
APPENDIX 6.7: Standardized canonical discriminant function coefficients for figures in Chapter 6
generated using canonical discriminant analysis.
S9" APPENDIX 7.1: Type, context and CDA prediction information for the unfired steatite artifacts
from Harappa analyzed for this study.
S98 APPENDIX il\ Steatitedeposits in Pakistan and India sampled for this stud APPENDIX7 INAA FORSTB.T.TE COtUCTBD ^
APPENDIX -4: INAA data for steatite artifacts from Harappa
APPENDIX ".5: INAA data for unfired STFATITF ARTIkir re r V.
APPENDIX .6; INAA data for unfirfd stfa-t>i^t"frFa.rAtiRfraiF(Art(. vrpsFRoMMoHFNjo-DARo(MD) r,..
AAlPlPh.KNNDDlXIX--: IINNAAAA data H)R I NURH, SILA, """"•''""•^l'-"«>''«'nMR!AN„,N>s„A„„(NS^l <,i^
lnknovc nI.orai ai sn t (lOR) and "Ii p,. Hissa,, n m ^ Nac.wada (N(iVX \
APP1\I)I\'~X \iivT ^ Ml IAIH AI (Mil). (,|6 X: SlAM)ARl)l/(.;i,( anonk AI DISC RI V. rN-a v, .
A.ms.K.M.NASM-.., ,,.>N..nM.KM..sH>KS.A.TM<P,<>,S.N
Chapter 7 generated using canonical discriminant analysis. 617
APPENDIX7.9:Cluster Analysis (Complete linkage) of all steatite artifacts and geologic samples. 619
APPENDIX7.I0: Cluster Analysis (Complete linkage) of 140steatite artifacts from Harappa. 634
APPENDIX 7.11: Cluster Analysis (Complete linkage) of ALL 177steatite artifacts. 636
APPENDIX 7.12: Notes on experimental heating of black steatite from Mehrgarh. 640
APPENDIX 7.13: XRD characterization of six white beads from Mehrgarh. 647
APPENDIX 7.14: XRD and EMPA characterization of steatite beads from Harappa, Loralai,
AND Gola Dhoro. 649
APPENDIX 7.15: EMPA, VP-SEM and XRD observations of a steatite seal boss from Harappa. 651
Introduction
Boss description and summary ofpast work on seal surface treatments 653
EMPA 65 s
VP-SEM/EDS 659
Surface layer insection 659
Micro-crack 661
Patchy exterior surface 663
XRD 666
Conclusion 667
APPENDIX 7.16: Heating and characterization of steatite from various geologic sources. •••• 669
APPENDIX 7.17: Is it possible to source fired steatite artifacts using INAA? 678
Introduction 678
Experimental heating and INAA 678
Results 680
Conclusion 685
APPENDIX 8.1: INAA data for agate samples from Ratanpur, Gujarat. 686
APPENDIX 8.2: INAA data for AGATE samples from Mardak Bet, Gujarat. 687
APPENDIX 8.3: INAA DATA for agate samples from Khandek, Gujarat. 688
APPENDIX 8.4: INAAdataforagate artifacts FROM Shahr-i-Sokhta, Iran. 688
APPENDIX 8.5: INAA data for agate artifacts from Harappa. 689
APPENDIX 8.6: INAA data for agate artifacts from Mehrgarh (AMR) and Nausharo (ANS). ••• 690
APPENDIX 8.7: INAAdata for agate artifacts from Mohenjo-daro (AMD),Chanhu-daro (ACD)
AND Nagwada (ANGW). 691
APPENDIX 8.8: First predicted group memberships (PGMs) for agate artifacts generated from
three CDAs INChapter 8. 691
APPENDIX 8.9: Standardized canonical discriminant function coefficients for the scatter and
box plots in Chapter 8 generated using canonical discriminant analysis. 693
APPENDIX 9.1: EMPA of archaeological and geologic vesuvianite-grossular samples. 694
Archaeological fragments 694
(jcologic Samples 697
APPENDIX 9.2: Analyses of vesuvianite-grossular fragments from Mohenjo-daro. 698
APPENDIX 9.3: XRD of massive vesuvianitf from Kumbhalgarh Forest, Rajasthan. 699
APPENDIX 9.4: INAA data for vesuvianite-grossular samples from Harappa and Mohenjo-daro
(MDV). 700
APPENDIX9.5:INAAdata for vesuvianite-grossular samples from Sakhakot-Qila (FATA-SQ) and
Taleri MohammedJan (B-TMJ). 701
APPENDIX 9.6: INAA data for vesuvianite-grossular samples from Kumbhalgarh Forest Reserve,
Rajasthan (Raj-K). 701
APPENDIX 9.7: Standardized canonical discriminant function coefficients for Figure 9.8. 701
APPENDIX 9.8: Six alternate clustering strategies using the vesuvianite-grossular comparative
data. 70 ^
APPENDIX 9.9: Is the vesuvianite-grossular / "Ernestite" association genuine? 704
APPENDIX lO.l: Sulfur and strontium isotope values for alabaster artifacts from Harappa,
Mohenjo-daro. Rehman Dheri and Musa Khel. 708
APPENDIX 10.2: Sulfur and strontium isotope values for geologic samples of alabaster from
sources in the Sulaiman Mountains, Salt Range and Kohat. 709
APPENDIX 10.3: List of PINK bi-pyramidal quartz crystals (Mari "Diamonds") from Harappa. 710
APPENDIX 11.1: Archaeological limestone samples from Harappa analyzed for this study. 711
APPENDIX 11.2: Results of ICP-MS analysis of the initial limestone set. 7,5
APPENDIX 11.3: Results of INAA analysis of the initial limestone set. 7,6
APPENDIX 11.4: Results of ICP-AES analysis of the expanded geologic limestone sample set. • 717
APPENDIX 11.5: Results of ICP-AES analysis of the expanded Harappan limestone sample set. - 711
APPENDIX 11.6:Standardized canonical discriminant function coefficients for figures in
Chapter i i generated using canonical discriminant analysis. 72-6
APPENDIX 11.7: Hierarchical cluster analysis of initial limestone samples set INAA data. 7x7
APPENDIX 12.1: Pb isotope data for ore samples from lead deposits in India, Pakistan and Oman. • -18
APPENDIX 12.2: Context and Pb isotope data for ,9archaeological lead ore fragments from
Harappa
APPENDIX 12.3: Pb isotope data for lead artifacts, slags, lumps and residues from Harappa. -^6
ENDIX 12.4. Pb isotope data for lead artifactsfrom Shahr-i-Sokhta. Ml'ndigak, Mehrcjarh,
Nausharo, Gola Dhoro AND Mohenjo-daro.
12.5. Pb isotope data for silver artifacts from Allahdino. Mohenjo-daro, Mundigak,
Gola Dhoro and Nagwada.
APPENDIX 1 ^^•^^^''''Ntiffrous galena deposit at Nakhlak, Iran.
appendix 128 'fE"d'as^ta^tfoopre caonpaplyesreosroefsmanoddeSLrnAlilSeaFRdOiMjbDjeEcPtOsSIanISdINsuInbDstIaAn, iPakKs.ISI AN. IkAN
and Oman .
-H' ' KS EKOM FM. Indus BasIN IO THE S., , ShoRT.CHAL
Rm R1 N( Ks
-4^)