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| 020 | _a9788120340718 | ||
| 040 | _cCUS | ||
| 082 |
_a523.01 _bBAS/I |
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| 100 |
_aBiswas, Baidyanath _924989 |
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| 245 | 3 |
_aAn Introduction to Astrophysics/ _c Baidyanath Biswas |
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| 250 | _a2nd edition | ||
| 260 |
_aNew Delhi: _bPrentice-Hall, _c2010. |
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| 300 | _a582p. | ||
| 505 | _a1. ASTRONOMICAL INSTRUMENTS 1-26 1.1 Light and Its Properties 1 1.2 The Earth's Atmosphere and the Electromagnetic Radiation 6 1.3 Optical Telescopes 7 1.4 Radio Telescopes 12 1.5 The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) 15 1.6 Astronomical Spectrographs 16 1.7 Photographic Photometry 21 1.8 Photoelectric Photometry 22 1.9 Spectrophotometry 23 1.10 Detectors and Image Processing 24 Exercises 25 Suggested Reading 26 2. BASIC PHYSICS 27-55 2.1 Planck's Theory of Blackbody Radiation 27 2.2 Photoelectric Effect 30 2.3 Pressure of Radiation 31 2.4 Continuous, Absorption and Emission Spectra—Kirchhoffs Laws 33 2.5 Doppler Effect 34 2.6 Zeeman Effect 35 2.7 Bohr's Concept of the H-atom 37 2.8 Molecular Spectra 42 2.9 Bremsstrahlung 43 2.10 Synchrotron Radiation 45 2.11 Scattering of Radiation 48 2.12 Compton Effect and Inverse Compton Effect 51 Exercises 54 Suggested Reading 55vl Contents 3. MAGNITUDES,MOTIONS AND DISTANCES OF STARS 56-76 3.1 Stellar Magnitude Sequence 56 3.2 Absolute Magnitude and the Distance Modulus 57 3.3 The Bolometric Magnitude 59 3.4 Different Magnitude Standards: The UBV System and Six-colour Photometry 59 3.5 Radiometric Magnitudes 60 3.6 The Colour-index of a Star 61 3.7 Luminosities of Stars 62 3.8 Stellar Parallax (Trigonometric) and the Units of Stellar Distances 63 3.9 Stellar Positions: The Celestial Coordinates 64 3.10 Stellar Motions 67 3.11 The Solar Motion and the Peculiar Velocities of Stars 69 3.12 The Velocity Dispersion 71 3.13 Statistical Parallax 71 3.14 Moving Cluster Parallax 73 Exercises 75 Suggested Reading 76 4. SPECTRAL CLASSIFICATION OF STARS 77-98 4.1 Introduction 77 4.2 Boltzmann's Formula 78 4.3 Saha's Equation of Thermal lonization 79 4.4 Harvard System of Spectral Classification: The Henry-Draper(HD) Catalogue 82 4.5 The Luminosity Effect on Stellar Spectra 85 4.6 Importance of ionization Theory in Astrophysics 87 4.7 Spectroscopic Parallax 90 4.8 The Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram 91 Exercises 97 Suggested Reading 98 5. THE SUN 99-135 5.1 Sun—A Typical Star ~ 99 5.2 The Photosphere: Limb-darkening 101 5.3 Solar Granulation 102 5.4 Faculae 105 5.5 The Chromosphere 106 5.6 Solar Corona 107 5.7 Prominences 110 5.8 The U-year Solar Cycle and Sunspots 113 5.9 The Solar Magnetic Fields 117 5.10 Theory of Sunspots 120 5.11 Solar Flares 123 5.12 Radio Emission from the Sun 126 5.13 Solar Wind 129 5.14 The Solar Neutrino Puzzle 130 Exercises 134 Suggested Reading 135 136-177 6. ATMOSPHERE OF STARS 6.1 Introduction 136 6.2 Some Important Definitions 137 6.3 The Equation of Transfer 141 6.4 The Solution of the Equation of Transfer 144 65 Processes of Absorption in Stellar Atmospheres 150 6*6 Continuous Absorption by the Negative Hydrogen Ions (H") m Cooler Stars 156 6.7 Analysis of Spectral Line Broadening 157 6.8 The Curve of Growth 166 6.9 Stellar Temperatures 169 6.10 The Chemical Composition of Stars 170 Exercises 176 Suggested Reading 177 7. BINARY AND MULTIPLE STARS 178-193 7.1 Introduction 178 12 Visual Binary 179 7.3 Spectroscopic Binary 182 7.4 Eclipsing Binary 183 7.5 Multiple Stars 186 7.6 Origin of Binary Stars 187 1.1 Stellar Masses and Mass-luminosity Relation 188 7.8 Mass Transfer in Close Binary Systems 190 Exercises 192 Suggested Reading 193 194-212 8. VARIABLE STARS 8.1 Classification of Variable Stars 194 8.2 The Cepheid Group of Variables 195 8.3 Period-luminosity Relations of Cepheid Group of Venables 201 8.4 RV Tauri Variables 202 8.5 Long-period Variables (Mira-type Variables) 203 8.6 Red Irregular and Semi-regular Variables 205 87 Beta Canis Majoris Variables Cephei Stars) 205 8.8 U Geminorum Stars (SS Cygni or Dwarf Novae) 206 8.9 Flare Stars 206 8.10 A Survey of Variable Stars as a Whole 207vMi Contents 8.11 The Pulsation Theory of Variable Stars 208 Exercises 210 Suggested Reading 211 9. ERUPTING AND EXPLODING STARS 213-225 9.1 Introduction 213 9.2 Distribution of Novae in Our Galaxy 214 9.3 Determination of Distance and Luminosity of Novae 214 9.4 Light Variation of Novae 215 9.5 Spectra of Novae 217 9.6 Cause of Nova Outburst 219 9.7 Supemovae 220 9.8 SN 1987 A 223 Exercises 224 Suggested Reading 225 10. MORE STARS OF INTEREST 226-255 Section A: Stars with Extended Atmospheres 10.1 The Wolf-Rayet Stars 226 10.2 P Cygni and a Cygni Stars 229 10.3 Be Stars: Shell Stars 230 10.4 Of Stars 232 Section B:Some Cooler Stars ofInterest 10.5 Peculiar A Stars and Metallic-line A Stars 233 10.6 T Tauri Stars 237 10.7 The Emission-line Red Dwarf(dMe) Stars 238 10.8 R Coronae Borealis(R Cor Bor) Stars 239 10.9 The Carbon Stars(R and N Stars) 240 10.10 The Heavy-metal Oxide Stars (S Stars) 241 10.11 Infrared Stars 241 10.12 Subdwarfs 243 10.13 Brown Dwarfs 244 Exercises 254 Suggested Reading 2S4 11. CLUSTERS AND ASSOCIATIONS OF STARS 256-276 11.1 Introduction 256 11.2 Galactic Clusters 257 11.3 Globular Clusters 262 11.4 Stellar Associations 266 11.5 Stellar Population Characteristics 268 11.6 Star Formation 271 Exercises 275 Suggested Reading 276Contents ix 12. GALACTIC NEBULAE 277-309 12.1 Introduction 277 12.2 Classification and Galactic Distribution of Nebulae 279 12.3 Observational Techniques 281 12.4 Dark Nebulae 283 12.5 Reflection Nebulae 286 12.6 Diffuse Emission Nebulae: Theory of Emission Lines 287 12.7 Planetary Nebulae 295 12.8 The Crab Nebula: Supernova Remnants 303 Exercises 307 Suggested Reading 308 13. INTERSTELLAR MATTER 310-342 13.1 Large-scale Distribution of Interstellar Matter 310 13.2 Interstellar Lines 312 13.3 Interstellar Clouds 317 13.4 H 1 and H II Regions: Stromgren's Spheres 319 13.5 Interstellar Shock Waves 324 13.6 Interstellar Cloud Collisions 332 13.7 Energy Balance in Interstellar Gas 333 13.8 The Intercloud Medium 336 13.9 Interstellar Grains 337 Exercises 340 Suggested Reading 342 14. STRUCTURE AND EVOLUTION OF STARS 343-374 14.1 Introduction 343 14.2 The Observational Basis 344 14.3 The Equation of State for Stellar Interior 346 14.4 Mechanical and Thermal Equilibrium in Stars 348 14.5 Energy Transport in Stellar Interior 351 14.6 Energy Generation in Stars 354 14.7 Stellar Evolution 361 14.8 White Dwarfs 367 Exercises 372 Suggested Reading 373 15. NEUTRON STARS AND BLACK HOLES 375-389 15.1 Discovery of Pulsars 375 15.2 Rotating Neutron Star Model of Pulsars 376 15.3 Period Distribution and Loss of Rotational Energy 377 15.4 Test of Rotating Neutron Star Model of Pulsars 379 15.5 Gold's Model of Pulsars 380X Contents 15.6 Distance and Distribution of Pulsars 382 15.7 Binary Pulsars 384 15.8 Black Holes 385 Exercises 388 Suggested Reading 389 16. OUR GALAXY 390-426 16.1 Introduction 390 16.2 Rotation of the Galaxy: Differential Rotation 393 16.3 Determination of the Rotation Parameters in the Solar Neighbourhood 398 16.4 Radio Observation of the Galaxy at 21-cm Wave Length 401 16.5 The Rotation Curve of the Galaxy: The General Rotation Law 403 16.6 Density Distribution of Gas and Spiral Structure of the Galaxy: Radio and Optical Data 406 16.7 The General Structure of the Galaxy 409 16.8 The Mass of the Galaxy 414 16.9 Magnetic Field in the Galaxy 416 16.10 Cosmic Rays 420 16.11 Continuous Radio Emission in the Galaxy 422 Exercises 424 Suggested Reading 426 17. EXTERNAL GALAXIES 427-474 17.1 Introduction 427 17.2 Classification of Galaxies 428 17.3 Distribution of Galaxies 434 17.4 Luminosity Distribution of Galaxies 435 17.5 Spectra of Galaxies 437 17.6 The Local Group of Galaxies 439 17.7 Distances of Galaxies 440 17.8 Nuclei of Galaxies 444 17.9 Theories of Spiral Structures of Disk Galaxies 446 17.10 Dwarf Galaxies 455 17.11 Ultra Compact Dwarf Galazies(UCD) 462 17.12 Compact Groups of Galaxies 464 Exercises 470 Suggested Reading 471 18. CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES 475-505 18.1 Clustering Nature of Galaxies 475 18.2 Morphological Classification of Clusters 478 18.3 cD Galaxies 480 18.4 Interacting Galaxies and Galaxy Mergers 481Contents xi 18.5 X-Ray Emission from Galaxies and from Clusters of Galaxies: The Cooling Flow 483 18.6 Masses of Galaxies 484 18.7 Evolution of Galaxies 490 18.8 Dark Matter in Galaxies 495 18.9 Superclusters and Voids 498 Exercises 502 Suggested Reading 504 19. RADIO GALAXIES 506-527 19.1 Introduction 506 19.2 Techniques of Identification of Radio Objects 508 19.3 Structures of Radio Galaxies 512 19.4 Classification of Radio Galaxies and Their Typical Characteristics 516 19.5 Energy Processes in Radio Galaxies 517 19.6 Radio Galaxies in Evolutionary Sequence 518 19.7 Some Important Radio Galaxies 521 19.8 Seyfert Galaxies 523 Exercises 526 Suggested Reading 527 20. QUASARS 528-535 20.1 The Discovery 528 20.2 Radio Properties 529 20.3 Optical Properties 530 20.4 The Redshift of Quasars 531 20.5 Active Galactic Nuclei 533 Exercises 535 Suggested Reading 535 21. COSMOLOGY 536-565 21.1 Introduction 536 21.2 Redshift and the Expansion of the Universe 537 21.3 Matter Density in the Universe and the Deceleration Parameter 541 21.4 The Cosmological Principle: The Perfect Cosmological Principle 543 21.5 Fundamental Equations of Cosmology 544 21.6 The Current Theories: Some Important Models of the Universe 550 21.7 Observational Tests of Cosmological Models 556 21.8 The Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation 560 Exercises 564 Suggested Reading 565xii Contents 22. BIOASTRONOMY 566-574 22.1 Introduction 566 22.2 Drake Equation 567 22.3 Extra Solar Planetary Systems 568 22.4 Number of Habitable Planets 569 22.5 Search for Extraterrestrial Civilizations 570 | ||
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