The Focal encyclopedia of photography: digital imaging, theory and applications, history, and science/ Michael R. Peres, editor-in-chief.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Front Cover; Focal Encyclopedia of Photography; Copyright Page; Contents; Contributors; Photographers and Image Contributors; About the Editors; Mission Statement; Preface; Acknowledgments; Introduction; Timelines; Advances in Photographic Technology: Michael Peres; Advancement of Digital Photography and Related Technologies Timetable: Roger L. Carter; History and the Evolution of Photography: Mark Osterman and Grant B. Romer; Contemporary Thoughts on the History of Photography: Grant B. Romer; The Technical Evolution of Photography in the 19th Century: Mark Osterman -- Introduction to Photographic Equipment, Processes, and Definitions of the 19th Century: Mark OstermanIntroduction to the Biographies of Selected Innovators of Photographic Technology: Grant B. Romer; Selected Photographs from the 19th Century: Mark Osterman; Evolution of the Photographic Lens in the 19th Century: Milan Zahorcak; Major Themes and Photographers of the 20th Century: Nancy M. Stuart; Photography in the 20th Century: Nancy M. Stuart; Photography, Fine Art Photography, and the Visual Arts: 1900-2001: Saul Ostrow; Photography and Society in the 20th Century: Gretchen Garner -- Photography and Desire: Fashion, Glamour, and Pornography: Bruce ChecefskyPhotography Programs in the 20th Century Museums, Galleries, and Collections: Lynne Bentley-kemp; Photographic Higher Education in the United States: Nancy M. Stuart; Photographic Workshops: A Changing Educational Practice: Christopher Burnett; Magazines: The Photographers' Press in the United States and Great Britain During the Transition Decade of the 1960s: David Brittain; Histories, Theories, Criticism: Gary Sampson; African Americans as Photographers and Photographic Subjects: David C. Hart -- Biographies of Selected Photographers from the 20th Century: Robert Hirsch, Ken White, and Garie WaltzerPhotographic Companies and Applications: Michael R. Peres; Photography's Dependence on Equipment: Michael R. Peres and Greg Barnett; Profiles of Selected Photographic Film and Digital Companies: Michael R. Peres; Overviews of Selected Applications of Photography: Michael R. Peres; Applications of Advertising Photography: Denis Defibaugh; Catalog Photography: Howard LeVant; Commercial Photography: George Cochran; Food Photography: Allan Vogel; Illustration Photography: George Cochran -- Still-Life Photography: Denis DefibaughArchitectural Photography: William W. DuBois; Corporate Photography: Kathleen Francis; Dance and Theater Photography: Kathleen Francis; Theatrical Photography: Kathleen Francis; Freelance Photography: Kathleen Francis; Identification Photography: Kathleen Francis; Industrial Photography: Kathleen Francis; Landscape Photography: Denis Defibaugh; Narrative, Documentary, and Editorial Photography: Owen Butler; Orb Photography: Michael R. Peres; Panoramic Photography: Andrew Davidhazy; Photojournalism: Guenther Cartwright -- Postcard Photography: Kathleen Francis