Penal reform in overcrowded times/ edited by Michael Tonry.

Introduction: Penal Policies at the Beginning of the Twenty-First Century --
1. Penal Developments in America. The Punitiveness Story. The Sentencing Story. The Fragmentation Story. The United States. U.S. Sentencing Systems Fragmenting / Michael Tonry. The Status of Sentencing Guidelines Reforms in the United States / Kevin R. Reitz. Political Preoccupation with Crime Leads, Not Follows, Public Opinion / Katherine Beckett. The Penal System as Labor Market Institution: Jobs and Jails, 1980-1995 / Katherine Beckett and Bruce Western. Why Are U.S. Incarceration Rates So High? / Michael Tonry. Early State Guidelines Systems. Washington State Sentencing Changes, 1994-1997 / Richard D. Van Wagenen. Ohio Guidelines Take Effect / Fritz Rauschenberg. Pennsylvania Revises Sentencing Guidelines / Cynthia Kempinen. North Carolina. North Carolina Prepares for Guidelines Sentencing / Ronald F. Wright. Sentencing Changes in North Carolina / Robin L. Lubitz. Flexibility in North Carolina Structured Sentencing, 1995-1997 / Ronald F. Wright --
2. Penal Development in Europe and Japan. Incarceration Rates across the World / Andre Kuhn. Scandinavia. Penal Sanctions and the Use of Imprisonment in Denmark / Britta Kyvsgaard. Sentencing Law, Policy, and Patterns in Sweden / Nils Jareborg. Norway Prison Use Up Slightly, Community Penalties Lots / Paul Larsson. Sentencing and Punishment in Finland / Patrik Tornudd. Recent Trends in Finnish Sentencing Policy / Tapio Lappi-Seppala. Germany. Sentencing and Punishment in Germany / Hans-Jorg Albrecht. France. French Prison Numbers Stable since 1988, but Populations Changing / Annie Kensey and Pierre Tournier. Netherlands. Sentencing and Punishment in the Netherlands / Peter J.P. Tak. Prison Population Growing Faster in the Netherlands than in the United States / Peter J.P. Tak and Anton M. van Kalmthout. The Netherlands Adopts Numerical Prosecution Guidelines / Gerrit Schurer and Reinier van Loon. New Sanctions Proliferating in the Netherlands / Anton M. van Kalmthout and Peter J.P. Tak. Dutch Penal Policies Changing Direction / Josine Junger-Tas. Switzerland. Sentencing in Switzerland in 2000 / Martin Killias, Marcelo F. Aebi and Andre Kuhn / [and others]. Japan. Prison Population in Japan Stable for 30 Years / Koichi Hamai --
3. Penal Developments in English-Speaking Countries. Australia. Sentencing and Punishment in Australia in the 1990s / Arie Freiberg. Prison Populations Up, Sentencing Policy Harsher in Australia / Arie Freiberg. Understanding Rising Prison Populations in Australia / Arie Freiberg. Canada. Reforming Sentencing and Parole in Canada / Julian V. Roberts. Imprisonment Rates in Canada: One Law, 10 Outcomes / Jane B. Sprott and Anthony N. Doob. England/Wales. New Sentencing Laws Take Effect in England / Andrew Ashworth. English Penal Policies and Prisons: Going for Broke / Rod Morgan. English Believe Sentences Soft and Crime Rising / Michael Hough and Julian V. Roberts. Imprisonment in England and Wales: Flood Tide, but on the Turn? / Rod Morgan. English Sentencing: From Enlightenment to Darkness in a Decade / Andrew Ashworth. Ireland. Sentencing and Punishment in Ireland / Ian O'Donnell.