Visual cryptography and secret image sharing / edited by Stelvio Cimato, Ching-Nung Yang.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Visual Cryptography from Halftone Error Diffusion
Gonzalo R. Arce. Zhongmin Wang, and Giovanni Di Crescenzo
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Visual Cryptography
1.1.2 Halftone Visual Cryptography
1.1.3 Blue Noise Error Diffusion .
1.2 Visual Secret Sharing
1.2.1 Notion and Formal Definitions
1.2.2 Construction of VSS Scheme .
1.3 Halftone VSS Construction Using Error Diffusion
1.3.1 Share Structure
1.3.2 Distribution of SIPs and ABPs
1.3.3 Generation of Halftone Shares via Error Diffusion
1.4 Halftone VSS Construction Using Parallel Error Diffusion
1.5 Quality of Halftone Shai'es
1.6 Discussion
1.6.1 Improvement ot image Quality .
1.6.2 Comparison with Other Methods
1.6.3 Image Decoding
1.7 Simulation Results
1.8 Conclusion
Bibliography
Visual Cryptography for Color Images
Stelvio Cimato, Roberto De Frisco, and Alfredo De Santis
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Color Superposition
2.2.1 Color Vision and Color Models
2.2.2 Lattices .
2.2.3 The Darkening Problem . .
2.2.4 The Annihilator Color . . .
2.2.5 The Identity Color
2.3 Formal Models for Colored VCS
2.3.1 The Models for B&W-VC
2.3.2 The Models for Color-VC
2.3.3 The SC, ND, and General Models
2.3.4 Base Matrices . . . .
2.4 Schemes for the SC Model
2.4.1 The VV Schemes .
2.4.2 The BDD Schemes
2.4.3 The KY and YL Schemes
2.4.4 The CDD Schemes and a Lower Bound
2.5 Schemes for the ND Model . .
2.6 Schemes for the General Model
2.6.1 (2,2)-Threshold Schemes
2.6.2 The (2, n)-Threshold AS Schemes .
2.7 Other Schemes
2.8 Conclusions . .
Bibliography
Visual Cryptography for Multiple Secrets
Shyong Jian Shyu
3.1 Introduction . . . o. • o u
3.2 Naor and Shamir's Basic Visual Secret Sharing Scheme .
3.3 Visual Two-Secret Sharing Schemes
3.3.1 Wu and Chen's Scheme . .
3.3.2 Wu and Chang's Scheme . .
3.4 Visual Multiple-Secret Sharing Schemes
3.4.1 Shyu et al.'s Scheme .
3.4.1.1 Informal Description
3.4.1.2 Encoding Circle Share A .
3.4.1.3 Encoding Circle Share B
3.4.1.4 General Algorithm .
3.4.2 Feng et al.'s Scheme .
3.4.3 Experimental Results
3.4.4 Comparison and Discussions
3.5 Concluding Remarks
Bibliography .
Extended Visual Cryptography for Photograph Images
Yasushi Yamaguchi
4 1 Introduction . •
4 2 Basic Visual Cryptography Schemes .
4 2 1 (fc, n) Visual Secret Sharing Schemes .
4.2.2 Extended Visual Cryptography Scheme . .
4.2.3 Random Grids
4.3 Fundamentals of Photograph Visual Cryptography
4.3.1 Digital Halftoning . .
4.3.2 Image Quality and Related Parameters
4.3.3 Photograph Visual Cryptography with Basic Schemes
4.4 Variations of Photograph Visual Cryptography
4.4.1 Approaches to Photograph Visual Cryptography
4.4.2 Random-Dot Shadow Images .
4.4.3 Similar Shadow Images . .
4.4.4 Positive and Negative Shadow Images
4.4.5 Error and Secret Diffusion . . .
4.4.6 Simultaneous Iterative Search .
4.4.7 Tone Adjustment
4.4.8 Continuous-Tone Subpixel
4.5 Misalignment-Tolerant Photograph Visual Cryptography
4.5.1 Theory and Implementation .
4.5.2 Results
4.6 Conclusions . .
Bibliography . . . .
Probabilistic Visual Cryptography Schemes
Stelvio Cimato, RobeHo De Frisco, and Alfredo De Santis
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Visual Cryptography Schemes .
5.2.1 The Deterministic Model
5.2.2 The Probabilistic Model .
5.3 Canonical Probabilistic Schemes
5.4 Probabilistic Schemes with No Pixel Expansion
5.5 Trading Pixel Expansion with Probabilities .. .
5.5.1 Probabilistic Schemes with Given Pixel Expansion .
5 6 Constructing Probabilistic Schemes .
5.6.1 (n, n)-Threshold Probabilistic Schemes with Any Pixel
Expansion . . .
5.6.2 (2, n)-Threshold Probabilistic Schemes with Any Pixel
Expansion .
5.7 Probabilistic Schemes with Boolean Operations
5.7.1 (2,n) Scheme for Binary Images (Wang)
5.7.2 (n,n) Scheme for Binary Images (Wang)
5.8 Conclusions and Open Problems
Bibliography
6 XOR-Based Visual Cryptography
Daoshun Wang and Lin Dong
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Preliminaries
6.3 Visual Cryptography Scheme Using the Polarization of Light
6.3.1 {2, n) Scheme
6.3.2 (n. n) Scheme
6.3.3 (ic, n) Scheme
6.4 Visual Cryptography Scheme with Reversing
6.4.1 {k, n) VC Scheme Using Cyclic-Shift Operation
6.4.2 A Scheme for General Access Structure .
6.5 Secret Sharing Scheme Using Boolean Operation
6.5.1 {2, n) Scheme
6.5.2 (n, n) Scheme
6.5.3 {k, n) Scheme
6.6 Conclusion
Bibliography . .
7 Visual Cryptography and Random Grids
Shyong Man Shyu
7.1 Introduction .
7.2 Random Grids
7.2.1 Random Pixel, Random Grid, and Average Light Ti-ans-
mission
7.2.2 Superimposition of Random Grids
7.3 Visual Cryptograms of Random Grids . .
7.3.1 Definition of VCRG .
7.3.2 (2, 2)-VCRG Algorithms for Binary Images .
7.3.3 Experiments for (2, 2)-VCRG .
7.3.4 Definition of Light Contrast and Performance Evalu
ation .
7.3.5 Algorithms of (n, n)-VCRG for Binary Images
7.3.6 Algorithms of (n, n)-VCRG for Gray-Level and Color
Images .
7.3.7 Experiments for (n, n)-VCRG .
7.4 Concluding Remarks
Bibliography
8 Visual Cryptography and Contrast Bounds
Andreas Klein
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Preliminaries
8.3 Approximate Inclusion Exclusion
8.4 Designs and Codes .
8.5 Optimal 3-out-of-n Schemes
8.6 Asymptotic Optimal A>out-of-n Schemes
8.7 Contrast Tiade-OfTs for Extended Visual Cryptography
Schemes
8.8 Enhancing the Contrast by Nonstandard Models
8.9 Conclusion
Bibliography . .
9 Visual Cryptography Schemes with Reversing
Alfredo De Santis, Anna Lisa Ferrara, and Barbara Masucci
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Visual Cryptography Schemes
9.2.1 (A:, A:)-Threshold Visual Cryptography Schemes
9.2.2 Perfect Black Visual Cryptography Schemes . .
9.3 Almost Ideal Contrast VCS with Reversing
9.4 Ideal Contrast VCS with Reversing . . . .
9.4.1 A Construction Using a Binary Secret Sharing Scheme
9.4.2 Constructions Using Perfect Black VCSs .
9.4.2.1 The Scheme by Cimato, De Santis, Ferrara,
and Masucci .
9.4.2.2 The Scheme by Hu and Tzeng
9.4.2.3 The Scheme by Yang, Wang, and Chen
9.4.2.4 Comparisons .
9.4.3 A Construction Using a Nonperfect Black VCS .
9.5 Conclusions
Bibliography . .
10 Cheating Prevention in Visual Cryptography
Yu-Chi Chen, Gwoboa Homg, and Du-Shiau Tsai
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Preliminaries
10.2.1 Visual Cryptography .
10.2.2 Cheating in VC .
10.3 Cheating Prevention Schemes
10.3.1 HCTl and HCT2
10.3.2 HT . .
10.3.3 TCH .
10.3.4 PSl and PS2
10.4 Analysis of Cheating Prevention Schemes
10.5 Conclusions
Bibliography . .
11 Resolving the Alignment Problem in Visual Cryptography
Feng Liu
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Preliminaries
11.3 Misalignment with Integer Number of Subpixels
11.4 Misalignment with Less Than One Subpixel
11.4.1 Shares with Slightly Misalignment Can Still Recover the
Secret Image
11.4.2 Large Subpixels Have Better Misalignment Tolerance .
11.5 A Misalignment Tolerant VCS
11.5.1 The Algorithm
11.5.2 Simulations . .
11.6 Conclusions and Discussions
11.7 Acknowledgments
Bibliography
12 Applications of Visual Cryptography
Bemd Borchert and Klaus Reinhardt
12.1 Introduction .
12.2 Trojan-Secure Confirmation of Transactions
12.3 Trojan-Secure Authentication Using a PIN .
12.4 Security versus Multiple Use
12.5 Using Refraction
12.6 Technical Problems Concerning Adjustment and Parallaxes .
12.7 Voting with a Receipt Baised on visual cryptography
12.8 Conclusion
Bibliography . .
13 Steganography in Halftone Images
Oscar C. An, Yuanfang Guo, and John S. Ho
13.1 Introduction
13.2 A Review of Error Diffusion
13.3 Data Hiding by Stochastic Error Diffusion (DHSED)
13.4 Data Hiding by Conjugate Error Diffusion (DHCED)
13.5 Performance Analysis
13.6 Summary
Bibliography . .
14 Image Secret Sharing
WeiQi Van, Jonathan Weir, and Mohan S. Kankanhalli
14.1 Introduction .
14.2 State of the Art
14.3 Approaches for Image Sharing
14.3.1 Shamir's Secret Sharing Scheme
14.3.2 Color Image Sharing Based on the Lagrange Interpola
tion
14.3.3 Color Image Sharing Based on Moving Lines
14.3.4 Improved Algorithm
14.4 Experiment and Evaluation
14.5 Conclusion
Bibliography .
15 Polynomial-Based Image Sharing
Shiuh-Jeng Wang, Chen-Hsing Yang, and Yu-Ting Chen
15.1 Introduction .
15.2 Polynomial-Based Sharing Scheme . .
15.2.1 Shamir's Secret Sharing Scheme
15.2.2 Lagrange Interpolation Scheme
15.3 Preliminaries and Related Works .
15.3.1 Thien-Lin Scheme .
15.3.2 Lin-Tsai Scheme . .
15.3.3 Yang et al.'s Scheme
15.3.4 Inverted Pattern LSB Scheme .
15.3.5 Scalable Secret Image Sharing .
15.4 Wang et al.'s Scheme . . . .
15.4.1 Secret Image Sharing .
15.4.2 Set-Up Authentication
15.4.3 Main Algorithms
15.5 Experimental Results .
15.5.1 Fidelity Analysis
15.5.2 Evaluating Authentication . . .
15.6 Conclusions
Bibliography . .
16 Image Sharing with Steganography and Authentication
Zhao-Xia Yin, Chia-Chen Lin, and Chin-Chen Chang
16.1 Introduction .
16.2 Related Work
16.2.1 Lin and Tsai's Scheme
16.2.2 Yang et al.'s Scheme .
16.2.3 Chang et al.'s Scheme
16.3 Adopted Techniques in the Proposed Scheme
16.3.1 Error Diffusion Technique
16.3.2 Interpolation Technique .
16.3.3 Canny Edge Detector. . .
16.3.4 Edge Lookup Inverse Halftoning Technique
16.3.5 Shamir Scheme for Secret Sharing .
16.4 Proposed Scheme .
16.4.1 Sharing and Embedding Phase . . .
16.4.2 Reconstruction and Verifying Phase
16.5 Experimental Results
16.6 Conclusions
Bibliography . .
17 Two-Decoding-Option Image Sharing Method
Ching-Nung Yang. Chuei-Bang Ciou. and Tse-Shih Chen
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Preliminaries
17.2.1 PISSS
17.2.2 VCS .
17.3 Previous Works
17.3.1 Jin et al.'s TiOISSS . .
17.3.2 Lin and Lin's TiOISSS
17.4 A New (fe, n)-TiOISSS .
17.4.1 Design Concept .
17.4.2 The Lossless TiOISSS
17.5 Experimental Results and Comparisons
17.6 Conclusion
Bibliography .