TY - BOOK TI - Current studies on the Indus civilization SN - 9788173048593 (series) U1 - 954.01 PY - 2011/// CY - New Delhi PB - Manohar Publishers & Distributors KW - Indus civilization KW - Excavations (Archaeology) KW - India KW - Antiquities N1 - "An earlier version of this work was published under the title Linguistic archaeology and the human past in 2008"--T.p. verso; Vol. 5: edited by Viveka Dangi; Vol. 8, pt. 1 (text) has subtitle: Inter-regional interaction and urbanism in the ancient Indus valley : a geological provinience study of Harappa's rock and mineral assemblage / Randall William Law ; v. 8, pt. 2: Appendices and references; TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword Toshiki Osada i Preface Jonathan Mark Kenoyer iii Acknowledgements vii Dedication xi CHAPTER 1 - OBJECTIVE, OVERVIEW AND THEORY. HARAPPA AND LINES OF INQUIRY i Chapter introduction - The principal research objective i Indus Civilization overview and theoretical orientation 5 TheIndus Civilization 3 Urbanism and itspreconditions 4 Inter-regionalinteraction, long-distance trade andthe control ofessential resources 6 Rock and mineralartifacts andgeologic provenience analysis 11 Harappa I j General location and layout 14 History ofdiscovery and research 14 Harappas rock and mineralartifact assemblage 16 Harappa's chronological/ culturalsequence 17 Ravi Phase- Period i (> 5300BC - ca.2.800 BC) 19 Kot Diji Phase - Period 1 (ca.1800 BCto 1600 BC) 10 Harappa Phase - Period 3(1600 BCto 1900 BC) 10 Period 3A 11 Period 3B 11 Period 3C 11 Transitional and Late Harappa Phases - Periods 4& s (19°° BCto <1300 BC) 15 Non-habitation areas at Harappa 14 Three lines of inquiry 14 First lineofinquiry - Harappan interaction/acquisition networks and theirextent 14 Second lineofinquiry - Diachronic changes in interaction/acquisition patterns 17 Twoancillary queries concerning diachronic changes 18 Diachronicchanges in assemblage composition 18 Diachronicchanges in the acquisition and use of bulk stone goods i8 Ihird lineofinquiry - Site-wise synchronic variations 19 Chapter conclusion-An outline OFTHIS book ,0 CHAPTER 2-HARAPPA IN CONTEXT ,, CIhapter introduction - The Greater Indus region ^i (JeOGRAPHIC CONTEXT ^1 CJeOIOGIC COM EXT The Allttvial Plains ; ^ The Highlands , ^ Temporal-cultural CONTEXTS Traditions, eras andphases ^ Ancient settlements ofthe upper Indus Basin ,^ The transforming culturallandscapes ofthe Indus Tradition 40 Regionalization era (Early Harappan Period) 4, ca. }5ooro i8oo BC z8ootoi6ooBC Integration era - 1600to 1900 BC Localization era - 1900 BC to <1500 BC 47 Chapter conclusion ^5^ CHAPTER 3- STRATEGIES AND METHODS FOR SOURCING STONE AND METAL ARTIFACTS 49 Chapter introduction - Strategies and ^methods 49 Research STRATEGIES Usingprimarygeologic reference materials to locatepotential sources 5o Field-checkingandsamplingpotential Harappan rock and mineralsources 51 Tapping other sources ojinformation:Johris, pansaris andpattarivalas 54 The Provenience Postulate"and definingageographic scale ofprovenience resolution 56 Methods OF MATERIAL IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION 58 Visual inspection/comparison andbasic mineralogical testing 58 X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis s9 Electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) 60 Spectrometric analysis 60 Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) ^, Methods of data analysis . 61 Preliminary data analysis / bivariate plotting ^^ Multivariate approaches ^ Choiceofmethods Canonical Discriminant Analysis Discrimination Classification (and misclassification) Cluster Analysis Chapter conclusion - Statkmknts of provenifncf 6s (HCAHPATITFtRR.I-NTmI.K..IR.IT(HTI:OKNA-N(I),lM«.A,KNKI/i,NU,I..ARrn„«h:,OTATI.SNS<^.:XTH,B, ,K,AIH,.'.. A| ' ' *" f MaIOR R()< k AM) MINKkAl VARIHIf s \lt .aitt -1 - I Microcrystalline silicates 73 Chert 73 Agace-Jasper 73 Siliciclastic sedimentary rocks 74 Copperand copper minerals 74 Minor ROCKANDMINERAL VARIETIES 75 Vesuvianite-Grossular 75 Igneous andMetamorphic rocks 77 Gypsum 78 Limestone 79 Chalk 79 Variegated andfossiliferous limestone 79 Lapis Lazuli 80 Crystalline quartz 80 Gold 81 "Emestite" 83 Amazonite 84 "Ochre"minerals 84 Lead minerals 8s Serpentine 85 Miscellaneous rock and mineral varieties 86 Almandinegarnet 86 Calcite 86 Fluorite 86 Fossils 88 Kaolinite claystone 88 Mica 88 Nephritejade 88 Prehnite 89 Sidfur 89 Tourmaline 89 Turquoise 89 Material varieties AT Harappa known ONLY from previous excavations 91 Silver 91 Arsenical minerals: LollingiteandOrpiment ^2 Fuller's F.arth 92, Spatial and temporal aspects of Harappa's rock and mineral assemblage 9:5 Contextualizing the rock andmineral assemblage ^^ Ihe spatialandtemporal distribution of the rock andmineral assemblage 9^ Spatialandtemporal variations in the rock andmineral assemblage 97 Interpretation of the roc k and mineral assemblage's c:omposition and variability 100 Chapter CONCLUSION loi CHAPTER 5-GRINDINGSTONE ACQUISITION NETWORKS 105 Chapter introduction-The importance OF GRiNDiNGSTONES 10? Potential grindingstone sources in and around the upper Indus Basin 104 The Kirana Hills 104 The Sulaiman Range 107 The Salt Range 107 Bikaner area occurrences 107 Thefoothills zone ofthe Himalayas 107 Tosham Hills and Aravalli Outliers 107 Determining the geologic provenience of Harappa's grindingstones 11 j The geologic provenience composition of Harappa's grindingstone assemblage 114 Pab sandstone 11 5 Delhiquartzite 119 Gray sandstone i ^i Kirana Hills stone 111 "Unknown" Provenience i z ? Diachronic and spatial variations in grindingstone source utilization at Harappa 11^ Site-wise diachronic trends ingrindingstone source utilization 12.5 RaviPhase - Period i (ca. jjoo BCto2800 BC) 115 KotDiji Phase - Period 2 (2800 to2600 BC) 116 Harappa Phase - Period3A (2600 to 2450 BC) 1ig HarappaPhase - PeriodjB (2430 to 2200 BC) 130 Harappa Phase - Period3C (2200 toigoo BC)and surface/disturbed contextfinds 15 ^ TransitionalandLate Harappa Phase - Periods4&s (ca. igoo to <1300 BC) , ^6 Discussion - Patterns of grindingstone acquisition and discard at Harappa i Brief remarks on grindingstone acquisition patterns at other Indus cities 141 Chapter conclusion CHAPTER6-CHERT ACQUISITION NETWORKS Chapter introduction - The three main types of chert at Harappa ,44 Chert IN the Greater Indus region '4S Chert AT Harappa pLRPLE chert/chalcedony AND OTHER MINOR EaRLY HaRAPPAN MATERIAL SUB-VARIETIES 1,48 Black-brown chert / otentialsources ojblack-brown chert Sakesar Limestone, Salt Range, Punjab ' ^ (jrcat l.imcstone, Jammu Moro Formation, Bolan Pass, Balochistan ' ^ Potential black-brown chert sources not included in this studv ' I 60 INAA/CDAcomparison of black chertartifacts to potential sources 161 Tan-Gray (Rohri?) CHERT i6j Rohri Hills, Sindh 164 Rohri 164 Adam Sultan 164 Kot Diji 166 Kandarki 167 Otherpotentialsources oftan-gray chert 169 Mohmand Agency, NWFP 169 Kalat, Balochistan 169 Buri Khel, SaltRange, Punjab 171 Tan-gray chert sourccs notincluded inthis study 171 INAA/CDA comparison oftan-gray chert artifacts to potentialsources 171 Chapter CONCLUSION 175 CHAPTER 7-STEATITE ACQUISITION NETWORKS ,78 Chapter introduction - "steatite civilization" 178 Steatite IN THE Indus Tradition 179 The steatite assemblage at Harappa andsamples selectedfor this study 181 Steatite samplesfrom otherprehistoric sites ig6 Identifying potential steatite sources for Indus Tradition peoples 189 Steatitepetrogenesis 189 Samplinggeologic sources 191 Steatite occurrences ofthe Greater Indus region 191 Steatite occurrences in Balochistan 19; Las Bela District 19^ Kalat District 197 Zhob District 19? Steatite occurrences in the NWFP, FATA and Northern Areas 199 Kurram Agency 199 Khyber Agency ioi Peshawar District ioi Mohmand Agency ^02. Chitral District 101 Northern Areas 2.01 Swat District Hazara District Steatite occurrences in the Himalayas 10s lammu and Kashmir Hiinachal Pradesh , , , I lofi I'ttaraiuhal Steatite occurrences in Rajaschan Northern Rajasthan Jhunjhunu District AJwarand Dausa districts Southern Rajasthan Dolomitic occurrences sampled Ultramafic occurrences sampled Steatite occurrences in Gujarat Abriefnote on steatite occurrences in other regions 11 3 AGEOLOGIC PROVENIENCE STUDY OF STEATITE ARTIFACTS FROM HaRAPI'A AND SEVEN OTHER SITES •• 11 3 Pastgeologicprovenience studies ofsteatite artifacts 114 Details and results ofthepresent study 2. i5 Initial CDA and CA comparisons ofall steatite artifacts to the geologic sources 115 Unfired steatite artifacts from Harappa 12, i Canonical discriminant analyses 111 Cluster analyses 12,7 Interpretation of the results 2.3 2. Type associations 2.31 Addressing the three lines ofinquiry 2.34 Unfired steatite artifacts from other sites ^ Mohenjo-daro Mitathal 2-4$ Mehrgarh and Nausharo "Unknown" Loralai site Nagwadaand Gola Dhoro Tepe Hissar 151 Addendum; Recent findings from Dholavira and Rakhigarhi Summary and discussion Indus Tradition steatite acquisition networks (provisional) nueat-treatingsteatite and the desirefor "white-firing"stone ^^4 Chapterconci.usion 161 CHAP PER 8- A(;ArF. ACQUISITION NETWORKS (C.hHOUMK™.V,Nanrd,„„LuOcTnENoNTIA-SI,osuoRu ICP-.}IS 5~ notopc database for copper ore sources 44- 449 The Aravallis the Himalayas Sources west of the Indus Valley ^' Iran Oman Analysis and resides Abriefnote onfurther and ongoingstudies ofHarappan copper 4^6 Comparison OF THE LEAD AND COPPER DATASETS 4S6 Chapter CONCLUSION 459 CHAPTER 13-SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION 461 Chapter INTRODUCTION 461 Summary 462- Ravi Phase - Period I (ca.3300 BCto 2S00BC) 465 Kot Diji Phase - Period2 (2S00 to 2600 BC) 464 Harappa Phase - Period3A (2600 to24S0 BC) 4^>4 Harappa Phase - Period3B (24^0 to 2200 BC) 466 Harappa Phase - PeriodjC (2200 to /poo BC) 466 Transitionaland LateHarappa Phase - Periods4&$ (ca. 1900 to <1300 BC) 468 Provenience datafrom other prehistoric sites - Seventh to third millennium BC 468 Addressing THE THREE LINES OF inquiry 4-' Discussion ^.8, The development andnature ofHarappan rock andmineral acquisition networks ^ Competition and the control ofessential resources ^ , Harappan inter-culturalrelationships [i}e primaryrock and mineral resource catchment areas ofIndus cities Harappa'sprimary rock and mineral catchment area Projcctcd primarycatchment areas for other Indus Civilization cities Abrief consideration of undetected acquisition patterns at Harappa Chapter conclusion CHAPTER 14 - CONCLUDING REMARKS Accomplishments andfuture directions ^ appf,ni)k;fs APPENDIX I.I: pRovi Nii f vs. Provkx AI>l'kM)IX2 h.VlAInu i.lnsi„ss,,|, API'I 2.2: K,.MARKS AN, ..N AmM.I.X-V, m.,„s ,M,«„a,Mak„s.,..s,a,, AmM.i.v:,, X,AV,.,H»A, ,,.,.A.A,Vs^.„mA„A,.,.,.« S I s AN( K. SCO ^ I i A. Steatitefragment H1000/1084-1 51S B.Steatite fragment Hiooo/8983-5 SiS C. Steatite fragment H95/57i9-99 S'6 D. Copper orefragment H90/2070-11 516 E. Copperore fragment H95/4945-8 516 F. Composite offour XRD scans ofvesuvianite-grossular garnet fragments S17 G.Alabaster fragment H2000/9999-150 $18 H. Lapis lazuli blocklct H2000/9999-77 518 I. "Ernestite" fragment H2000/3 317-4 518 J. "Ernestite" fragment H2000/3317-5 519 K. "Ochre" fragment H90/5073-7, 4 519 L."Ochre" fragment H2000/9999-122 519 M. Leadore fragment H90/5011-147 S^-o N. Lead ore fragment H99/8857-1 Sio O. Lead orefragment H90/3193-6 $10 P. Serpentine fragment H94/4999-13 521 Q. Serpentine bead Hiooo/9508-2 511 R. Calcitc fragment Hiooo/2i 10-77 S" S. Fluoritefragment H97/6977-7 521 T. Micafragment H87/62. $iz U. Prehnite fragment H96/6303-475 523 V. Sulfur fragment H96/6219-43 523 W. Turquoise fragment H94/4999-213 524 X.Chagai "turquoise" sample from J.-E Jarrige 514 APPENDIX 4.3: Characterization of two basalt artifacts using EMPA. 515 APPENDIX 4.4: The Lapis Lazuli Question. 528 Introduction 5^8 Lapis lazuli in Ancient SouthAsia S18 Potential Harappan lapis lazuli sources S31 Doubtsabouta source of lapis lazuli in the Chagai Hills 531 Asulfur isotope study of lapis lazuli artifacts andsource samples 536 Vie sample set S36 Samplepreparation andanalysis $39 Results S40 Recent lapis lazuli provenience research using other techniques 541 Conclusion S4i APPENDIX 4.5: The "Ernestite" Problem. ^44 "Ernestite" S44 XRD analysis of"Ernestite" S46 EMPA of "Ernestite" S4^ What is "Ernestite"? S49 Where does "Ernestite" come from? ^^" "Ernestitc" as adrill-making material SS^ Concl. usi. on Addendum -Asmall test ^ appendix 4.6; ALate Harappan Kaolinite Bead. Discovery Identification VP'SEM XRD SS8 Conclusion s6o APPENDIX 4.7: The identification, characterization and potential sources of a nephrite jade AMULET recovered FROM THE CEMETERY AREA AT HaRAPPA. 56 I Description anddiscovery 561 Identification and characterization 561 XRD 561 FP-SEM 561 Conclusion $6^ Potential sources 565 Possibilities for future studies 568 APPENDIX 5.1: All querns and mullers (whole and fragmentary) recovered from excavations and surveys at HaRAPPA from 1986 TO 2.004. 569 APPENDIX 5.2: Grindingstones in the Harappa Museum from PRE-1986 excavations. 591 APPENDIX 6.1: Elemental concentrations for? black chert artifacts from Harappa. 59? APPENDIX 6.2: Elemental concentrations for black chert samples from the Bolan PassandJammu. 59 ? APPENDIX 6.3: Elemental concentrations for black chert samples fromSakesarLimestone,Salt Range. 594 APPENDIX 6.4: Elemental concentrations for tan-gray chert artifacts from Harappa and Nagwada. 594 APPENDIX 6.5: Elemental concentrationsfor tan-gray chert samples from four Rohri Hillslocations. 595 APPENDIX6.6: Elemental concentrations for tan-gray chert samples from Balochistan, the NWFP and the Punjab. APPENDIX 6.7: Standardized canonical discriminant function coefficients for figures in Chapter 6 generated using canonical discriminant analysis. S9" APPENDIX 7.1: Type, context and CDA prediction information for the unfired steatite artifacts from Harappa analyzed for this study. S98 APPENDIX il\ Steatitedeposits in Pakistan and India sampled for this stud APPENDIX7 INAA FORSTB.T.TE COtUCTBD ^ APPENDIX -4: INAA data for steatite artifacts from Harappa APPENDIX ".5: INAA data for unfired STFATITF ARTIkir re r V. APPENDIX .6; INAA data for unfirfd stfa-t>i^t"frFa.rAtiRfraiF(Art(. vrpsFRoMMoHFNjo-DARo(MD) r,.. AAlPlPh.KNNDDlXIX--: IINNAAAA data H)R I NURH, SILA, """"•''""•^l'-"«>''«'nMR!AN„,N>s„A„„(NS^l <,i^ lnknovc nI.orai ai sn t (lOR) and "Ii p,. Hissa,, n m ^ Nac.wada (N(iVX \ APP1\I)I\'~X \iivT ^ Ml IAIH AI (Mil). (,|6 X: SlAM)ARl)l/(.;i,( anonk AI DISC RI V. rN-a v, . A.ms.K.M.NASM-.., ,,.>N..nM.KM..sH>KS.A.TM,S.N Chapter 7 generated using canonical discriminant analysis. 617 APPENDIX7.9:Cluster Analysis (Complete linkage) of all steatite artifacts and geologic samples. 619 APPENDIX7.I0: Cluster Analysis (Complete linkage) of 140steatite artifacts from Harappa. 634 APPENDIX 7.11: Cluster Analysis (Complete linkage) of ALL 177steatite artifacts. 636 APPENDIX 7.12: Notes on experimental heating of black steatite from Mehrgarh. 640 APPENDIX 7.13: XRD characterization of six white beads from Mehrgarh. 647 APPENDIX 7.14: XRD and EMPA characterization of steatite beads from Harappa, Loralai, AND Gola Dhoro. 649 APPENDIX 7.15: EMPA, VP-SEM and XRD observations of a steatite seal boss from Harappa. 651 Introduction Boss description and summary ofpast work on seal surface treatments 653 EMPA 65 s VP-SEM/EDS 659 Surface layer insection 659 Micro-crack 661 Patchy exterior surface 663 XRD 666 Conclusion 667 APPENDIX 7.16: Heating and characterization of steatite from various geologic sources. •••• 669 APPENDIX 7.17: Is it possible to source fired steatite artifacts using INAA? 678 Introduction 678 Experimental heating and INAA 678 Results 680 Conclusion 685 APPENDIX 8.1: INAA data for agate samples from Ratanpur, Gujarat. 686 APPENDIX 8.2: INAA data for AGATE samples from Mardak Bet, Gujarat. 687 APPENDIX 8.3: INAA DATA for agate samples from Khandek, Gujarat. 688 APPENDIX 8.4: INAAdataforagate artifacts FROM Shahr-i-Sokhta, Iran. 688 APPENDIX 8.5: INAA data for agate artifacts from Harappa. 689 APPENDIX 8.6: INAA data for agate artifacts from Mehrgarh (AMR) and Nausharo (ANS). ••• 690 APPENDIX 8.7: INAAdata for agate artifacts from Mohenjo-daro (AMD),Chanhu-daro (ACD) AND Nagwada (ANGW). 691 APPENDIX 8.8: First predicted group memberships (PGMs) for agate artifacts generated from three CDAs INChapter 8. 691 APPENDIX 8.9: Standardized canonical discriminant function coefficients for the scatter and box plots in Chapter 8 generated using canonical discriminant analysis. 693 APPENDIX 9.1: EMPA of archaeological and geologic vesuvianite-grossular samples. 694 Archaeological fragments 694 (jcologic Samples 697 APPENDIX 9.2: Analyses of vesuvianite-grossular fragments from Mohenjo-daro. 698 APPENDIX 9.3: XRD of massive vesuvianitf from Kumbhalgarh Forest, Rajasthan. 699 APPENDIX 9.4: INAA data for vesuvianite-grossular samples from Harappa and Mohenjo-daro (MDV). 700 APPENDIX9.5:INAAdata for vesuvianite-grossular samples from Sakhakot-Qila (FATA-SQ) and Taleri MohammedJan (B-TMJ). 701 APPENDIX 9.6: INAA data for vesuvianite-grossular samples from Kumbhalgarh Forest Reserve, Rajasthan (Raj-K). 701 APPENDIX 9.7: Standardized canonical discriminant function coefficients for Figure 9.8. 701 APPENDIX 9.8: Six alternate clustering strategies using the vesuvianite-grossular comparative data. 70 ^ APPENDIX 9.9: Is the vesuvianite-grossular / "Ernestite" association genuine? 704 APPENDIX lO.l: Sulfur and strontium isotope values for alabaster artifacts from Harappa, Mohenjo-daro. Rehman Dheri and Musa Khel. 708 APPENDIX 10.2: Sulfur and strontium isotope values for geologic samples of alabaster from sources in the Sulaiman Mountains, Salt Range and Kohat. 709 APPENDIX 10.3: List of PINK bi-pyramidal quartz crystals (Mari "Diamonds") from Harappa. 710 APPENDIX 11.1: Archaeological limestone samples from Harappa analyzed for this study. 711 APPENDIX 11.2: Results of ICP-MS analysis of the initial limestone set. 7,5 APPENDIX 11.3: Results of INAA analysis of the initial limestone set. 7,6 APPENDIX 11.4: Results of ICP-AES analysis of the expanded geologic limestone sample set. • 717 APPENDIX 11.5: Results of ICP-AES analysis of the expanded Harappan limestone sample set. - 711 APPENDIX 11.6:Standardized canonical discriminant function coefficients for figures in Chapter i i generated using canonical discriminant analysis. 72-6 APPENDIX 11.7: Hierarchical cluster analysis of initial limestone samples set INAA data. 7x7 APPENDIX 12.1: Pb isotope data for ore samples from lead deposits in India, Pakistan and Oman. • -18 APPENDIX 12.2: Context and Pb isotope data for ,9archaeological lead ore fragments from Harappa APPENDIX 12.3: Pb isotope data for lead artifacts, slags, lumps and residues from Harappa. -^6 ENDIX 12.4. Pb isotope data for lead artifactsfrom Shahr-i-Sokhta. Ml'ndigak, Mehrcjarh, Nausharo, Gola Dhoro AND Mohenjo-daro. 12.5. Pb isotope data for silver artifacts from Allahdino. Mohenjo-daro, Mundigak, Gola Dhoro and Nagwada. APPENDIX 1 ^^•^^^''''Ntiffrous galena deposit at Nakhlak, Iran. appendix 128 'fE"d'as^ta^tfoopre caonpaplyesreosroefsmanoddeSLrnAlilSeaFRdOiMjbDjeEcPtOsSIanISdINsuInbDstIaAn, iPakKs.ISI AN. IkAN and Oman . -H' ' KS EKOM FM. Indus BasIN IO THE S., , ShoRT.CHAL Rm R1 N( Ks -4^) ER -