Conceptual modeling of information systems /
Antoni Olivé.
- Berlin ; New York : Springer, 2007.
- xxv, 455 p.ill.: 25 cm.
1 Introduction 1.1 Functions of an Information System 1.1.1 The Memory Function 1.1.2 The Informative Function 1.1.3 The Active Function 1.1.4 Examples of Information Systems 1.2 Conceptual Modeling 1.2.1 The Structural Schema 1.2.2 The Information Base 1.2.3 The Behavioral Schema 1.2.4 Integrity Constraints 1.2.5 Derivation Rules 1.2.6 The Principle of Necessity for Conceptual Schemas 1.3 The Abstract Architecture of an Information System 1.4 Requirements Engineering 1.5 Quality of Conceptual Schemas 1.6 A Brief History of Conceptual Modeling 1.6.1 Logical Models 1.6.2 Semantic Data Models 1.6.3 Conceptual Models of Information Systems 1.6.4 Object Orientation 1-7 Bibliographical Notes 2 Entity Types 2.1 Introduction 21.1 Definitional Concepts 2.1.2 Functions of a Concept 2.1.3 Prototypical Concepts 2.1.4 Exemplar-Based Concepts 2.2 Design of Concepts 2.3 Definition of Entity Types 2.3.1 Names 2.3.2 Population 2.3.3 Subsumption 2.4 Representation in an Information System 2.4.1 State of the Information Base 2.4.2 Logical Representation 2.4.3 Representation in UML 2.4.4 Conceptual Models; Single or Multiple Classification 2.4.5 Conceptual Models: Static or Dynamic Classification 2.4.6 Properties of the Representation 2.5 Data Types 2.5.1 Data Types in UML 2.6 Bibliographical Notes 2.7 Exercises 3 Relationship Types 3.1 Definition 3.1.1 Degree 3.1.2 Pattern Sentence 3.1.3 Unary Relationship Types 3.1.4 Population 3.1.5 Subsumption 3.2 Representation in an Information System 3.2.1 State of the Information Base 3.2.2 Logical Representation 3.2.3 Representation in UML 3-2.4 Properties of the Representation 3.3 Attributes 3.3.1 Conceptual Models Based on Attributes 3.3.2 Attribute Pattern Sentence 3.3.3 Representation in UML 3.3.4 On the Use of Attributes 3.4 Bibliographical Notes 3.5 Exercises 4 Cardinality Constraints 4.1 Cardinality Constraints of Binary Relationship Types 4 r.2 Relationship Types 4.1.2 Recursive Relationship Types 4.1.3 Satisfiability of Cardinality Constraints 4.2 Cardinality Constraints of n-ary Relationship Types 4.2.1 Consistency and Inference Rules 4.3 Maximal Participation 4.4 Bibliographical Notes 4.5 Exercises 5 Particular Kinds of Relationship Type 5.1 Reference Relationship Types 5.1.1 Simple Reference 5.1.2 Compound Reference 5.1.3 Set Reference 5.2 Identification 5.2.1 Identifiability of Entity Types 5.3 Replacing Entities with Identifiers in Relationships 5.4 Elementary Relationship Types 5.5 Decomposing NonElementary Relationship Types 5.5.1 Decomposition Based on Functional Dependencies 5.5.2 Decomposition Based on Multivalued Dependencies 5.5.3 Decomposition by Absorbing a Constant Entity Type 5.6 Bibliographical Notes 5.7 Exercises 6 Reification 6.1 Definition 6.2 Representation in UML 6.2.1 Association Classes 6.2.2 Implicit Reification 6.2.3 Implicit Reification as a Schema Transformation 6.3 Partial Reification 6.4 Bibliographical Notes 6.5 Exercises 7 Generic Relationship Types 7.1 Definition 7.2 Representation in an Information System 7.2.1 Logical Representation 7.2.2 Representation in UML 7.3 Part-Whole Relationships 7.3.1 Description 7.3.2 Representation in UML 7.3.3 Part Sharing 7.3.4 Part Dependency 7.4 Grouping 7.4.1 Description 7.4.2 Representation in UML 7.4.3 Homogeneous Versus Heterogeneous Groups 7.5 Roles 7.5.1 Description 7.5.2 Representation in UML 7.5.3 Propagation 7.6 Materialization 7.6.1 Description 7.6.2 Representation in UML 7.6.3 Inheritance 7.7 Bibliographical Notes 7.8 Exercises 8 Derived Types 8.1 Derivability 8.1.1 Base Types 8.1.2 Derived Types 8.1.3 Hybrid Types 8.1.4 Transformation of Hybrid Types into Derived Types 8.1.5 Design of Derivability 8.2 Representation in an Information System 8.2.1 Logical Representation 8.2.2 Representation in UML 8.2.3 Representation of Derivation Rules by Operations 8.3 Particular Kinds of Derived Type 8.3.1 Derived by Union 8.3.2 Derived by Specialization 8.3.3 Derived by Exclusion 8.3.4 Derived by Participation 8.3.5 Transitive Closure 8 s '^ules for Constant Relationship Types 8.5 Hybrid Types m UML 8.6 Justification for Derived Types 8.7 Bibliographical Notes 8.8 Exercises 9 Integrity Constraints 9.1 The Concept of an Integrity Constraint 9.1.1 Integrity = Validity + Completeness 9.1.2 Integrity Constraints 9.1.3 Violation of Integrity Constraints 9.1.4 Violation Response Actions 9.2 Classification of Integrity Constraints 9.2.1 Classification According to Source 9.2.2 Classification According to Scope 9.2.3 Classification According to Cause of Violation 9.3 Representation in an Information System 9.3.1 Logical Representation 9.3.2 Representation in UML 9.3.3 Representation of Constraints by Operations 9.4 Particular Kinds of Static Constraint 9.4.1 Key Constraints 9.4.2 Reference Constraints 9.4.3 Inclusion Constraints 9.4.4 Disjunction Constraints 9.4.5 Covering Constraints 9.4.6 Constraints of Recursive Binary Relationship Types 9.4.7 Entity Type Cardinality Constraints 9.5 Creation-Time Constraints 9.6 Bibliographical Notes 9.7 Exercises 10 Taxonomies 10.1 Specialization. 10.1.1 The/5/1 Relationship 10.1.2 Entity Types Derived by Intersection and Multiple Classification 10.1.3 The Entity Type Entity 10.2 Generalization 10.2.1 The Gens Relationship 10.2.2 Constraints on Generalizations 10.2.3 Generalization/Specialization Dimension 10.2.4 Explicit Subtypes versus Explicit Dimension Attributes 10.2.5 Partitions 10.3 The Taxonomy of a Conceptual Schema 10.3.1 Valid Type Configurations 10.3.2 Taxonomic Constraints and Derivability 10.3.3 Partitions and Derivability 10.4 Relationship Type Refinement 10.4.1 Participant Refinement 10.4.2 Particular Kinds of Participant Refinement 10.4.3 Cardinality Constraint Strengthening 10.4.4 Interaction of/.svl and Cardinality Constraints 10.4.5 Derivation Rule Redefinition 10.4.6 Redefining a Base Relationship Type as Derived 10.5 Constraint Specialization 10.6 Specialization/Generalization of Relationship Types 10.6.1 IsA and Gens Between Relationship Types 10.6.2 Reification and Specialization 10.7 Bibliographical Notes 10.8 Exercises 11 Domain Events 11.1 Domain Events as Sets of Structural Events 11.1.1 Structural Events 11.1.2 Domain Events 11.2 Representation in an Information System 11.2.1 Domain Events as Entities 11.2.2 Logical Representation 11.2.3 UML Representation 11.3 Domain Event Constraints 11.3.1 Logical Representation 11.3.2 UML Representation 11.4 Event Effects: The Postcondition Approach 11.4.1 Logical Representation 11.4.2 UML Representation 11.4.3 The Frame Problem 11.5 Event Effects: The Procedural Approach 11.5.1 Logical Representation 11.5.2 UML Representation 11.6 Consistency with the Structural Schema 11.7 Bibliographical Notes 11.8 Exercises 12 Action Request Events 12.1 Actions and Action Request Events 12.1.1 Scope of this Chapter 12.2 Action Request Event Types 12.2.1 Characteristics of Action Request Events. 12.2.2 Constraints of Action Request Events 12.3 Effects of Queries 12.4 Effects of Action Request Events 12.4.1 Effects of Domain Event Notifications 12.5 Event Specialization 12.6 Generating Conditions 12.7 Bibliographical Notes 12.8 Exercises 13 State Transition Diagrams 13.1 Finite State Machines 13.1.1 Finite Automata 13.1.2 Moore and Mealy Machines 13.2 Entities as State Machines 13.2.1 Entity Life Cycle 13.3 State Transition Diagrams in UML 13.3.1 Transitions Triggered by Change and Time Events 13.3.2 Unexpected-Event Reception 13.3.3 Initial State 13.3.4 Final State 13.3.5 Junction 13.3.6 Choice 13.4 From Domain and Action Request Events to Call Events 13.4.1 Localization of Event Constraints and Effects 13.5 Entity Types with Multiple State Transition Diagrams 13.6 Bibliographical Notes 13.7 Exercises 14 Statecharts 14.1 The State Hierarchy 14.1.1 Simple Composite States 14.1.2 State Configuration and Entity Life Cycle 14.1.3 Initial Pseudostate 14.1.4 Conflicting Transitions 14.2 Parallelism 14.2.1 Initial Pseudostate 14.2.2 Firing Multiple Transitions 14.2.3 Fork 14.2.4 Join 14.3 Bibliographical Notes 14.4 Exercises 15 Use Cases 15.1 Actors 15.2 Use Cases 15.2.1 Definition 15.2.2 Use Case Actors 15.2.3 Use Case Specification 15.2.4 Relationships Between Use Cases 15.2.5 Use Case Model 15.3 Mapping Use Cases to Requests 15.3.1 Textual References 15.3.2 Creation Dependencies 15.3.3 Sequence Diagrams 15.4 Bibliographical Notes 15.5 Exercises 16 Case Study 16.1 Main Domain Concepts 16.2 Store Configuration 16.2.1 Store Data 16.2.2 Minimum Values 16.3 Store Administration 16.3.1 Manufacturers 16.3.2 Categories 16.3.3 Products 16.4 Customers 16.5 Online Catalog 16.5.1 Shopping Carts 16.5.2 Orders 16.5.3 Show Previous Orders 17 Metamodeling 17.1 Meta Entity Types 17.1.1 Definition 17.1.2 Classification Level 17.1.3 InstanceOf versus Is A 17.1.4 Monolevel and Multilevel Information Bases 17.1.5 Logical Representation 17.1.6 Representation in UML 17.2 Powertypes, 17.3 Class Relationship Types 17.4 Meta Relationship Types 17.4.1 Definition 17.4.2 Logical Representation 17.4.3 Representation in UML 17.5 Metaschemas 17.5.1 Definition 17.5.2 Example of a Metaschema 17.5.3 Levels of a Meta Information Base 17.5.4 The Importance of Metaschemas 17.5.5 Conceptual Models versus Metaschemas 17.5.6 The UML Metaschema. 17.6 Stereotypes 17.6.1 Definition 17.6.2 Stereotypes in the Metaschema 17.7 Bibliographical Notes 17.8 Exercises 18 The MOF and XMl 18.1 Meta-Metaschemas 18.1.1 Definition. 18.1.2 The MOF 18.2 The MOF as a Conceptual Modeling Language 18.2.1 The MOF as an w-metaschema 18.3 XMl 18.3.1 XMl Representation of Entities and Relationships 18.3.2 XMl Representation of UML Schemas 18.4 Bibliographical Notes 18.5 Exercises References Index1 Introduction 1.1 Functions of an Information System 1.1.1 The Memory Function 1.1.2 The Informative Function 1.1.3 The Active Function 1.1.4 Examples of Information Systems 1.2 Conceptual Modeling 1.2.1 The Structural Schema 1.2.2 The Information Base 1.2.3 The Behavioral Schema 1.2.4 Integrity Constraints 1.2.5 Derivation Rules 1.2.6 The Principle of Necessity for Conceptual Schemas 1.3 The Abstract Architecture of an Information System 1.4 Requirements Engineering 1.5 Quality of Conceptual Schemas 1.6 A Brief History of Conceptual Modeling 1.6.1 Logical Models 1.6.2 Semantic Data Models 1.6.3 Conceptual Models of Information Systems 1.6.4 Object Orientation 1-7 Bibliographical Notes 2 Entity Types 2.1 Introduction 21.1 Definitional Concepts 2.1.2 Functions of a Concept 2.1.3 Prototypical Concepts 2.1.4 Exemplar-Based Concepts 2.2 Design of Concepts 2.3 Definition of Entity Types 2.3.1 Names 2.3.2 Population 2.3.3 Subsumption 2.4 Representation in an Information System 2.4.1 State of the Information Base 2.4.2 Logical Representation 2.4.3 Representation in UML 2.4.4 Conceptual Models; Single or Multiple Classification 2.4.5 Conceptual Models: Static or Dynamic Classification 2.4.6 Properties of the Representation 2.5 Data Types 2.5.1 Data Types in UML 2.6 Bibliographical Notes 2.7 Exercises 3 Relationship Types 3.1 Definition 3.1.1 Degree 3.1.2 Pattern Sentence 3.1.3 Unary Relationship Types 3.1.4 Population 3.1.5 Subsumption 3.2 Representation in an Information System 3.2.1 State of the Information Base 3.2.2 Logical Representation 3.2.3 Representation in UML 3-2.4 Properties of the Representation 3.3 Attributes 3.3.1 Conceptual Models Based on Attributes 3.3.2 Attribute Pattern Sentence 3.3.3 Representation in UML 3.3.4 On the Use of Attributes 3.4 Bibliographical Notes 3.5 Exercises 4 Cardinality Constraints 4.1 Cardinality Constraints of Binary Relationship Types 4 r.2 Relationship Types 4.1.2 Recursive Relationship Types 4.1.3 Satisfiability of Cardinality Constraints 4.2 Cardinality Constraints of n-ary Relationship Types 4.2.1 Consistency and Inference Rules 4.3 Maximal Participation 4.4 Bibliographical Notes 4.5 Exercises 5 Particular Kinds of Relationship Type 5.1 Reference Relationship Types 5.1.1 Simple Reference 5.1.2 Compound Reference 5.1.3 Set Reference 5.2 Identification 5.2.1 Identifiability of Entity Types 5.3 Replacing Entities with Identifiers in Relationships 5.4 Elementary Relationship Types 5.5 Decomposing NonElementary Relationship Types 5.5.1 Decomposition Based on Functional Dependencies 5.5.2 Decomposition Based on Multivalued Dependencies 5.5.3 Decomposition by Absorbing a Constant Entity Type 5.6 Bibliographical Notes 5.7 Exercises 6 Reification 6.1 Definition 6.2 Representation in UML 6.2.1 Association Classes 6.2.2 Implicit Reification 6.2.3 Implicit Reification as a Schema Transformation 6.3 Partial Reification 6.4 Bibliographical Notes 6.5 Exercises 7 Generic Relationship Types 7.1 Definition 7.2 Representation in an Information System 7.2.1 Logical Representation 7.2.2 Representation in UML 7.3 Part-Whole Relationships 7.3.1 Description 7.3.2 Representation in UML 7.3.3 Part Sharing 7.3.4 Part Dependency 7.4 Grouping 7.4.1 Description 7.4.2 Representation in UML 7.4.3 Homogeneous Versus Heterogeneous Groups 7.5 Roles 7.5.1 Description 7.5.2 Representation in UML 7.5.3 Propagation 7.6 Materialization 7.6.1 Description 7.6.2 Representation in UML 7.6.3 Inheritance 7.7 Bibliographical Notes 7.8 Exercises 8 Derived Types 8.1 Derivability 8.1.1 Base Types 8.1.2 Derived Types 8.1.3 Hybrid Types 8.1.4 Transformation of Hybrid Types into Derived Types 8.1.5 Design of Derivability 8.2 Representation in an Information System 8.2.1 Logical Representation 8.2.2 Representation in UML 8.2.3 Representation of Derivation Rules by Operations 8.3 Particular Kinds of Derived Type 8.3.1 Derived by Union 8.3.2 Derived by Specialization 8.3.3 Derived by Exclusion 8.3.4 Derived by Participation 8.3.5 Transitive Closure 8 s '^ules for Constant Relationship Types 8.5 Hybrid Types m UML 8.6 Justification for Derived Types 8.7 Bibliographical Notes 8.8 Exercises 9 Integrity Constraints 9.1 The Concept of an Integrity Constraint 9.1.1 Integrity = Validity + Completeness 9.1.2 Integrity Constraints 9.1.3 Violation of Integrity Constraints 9.1.4 Violation Response Actions 9.2 Classification of Integrity Constraints 9.2.1 Classification According to Source 9.2.2 Classification According to Scope 9.2.3 Classification According to Cause of Violation 9.3 Representation in an Information System 9.3.1 Logical Representation 9.3.2 Representation in UML 9.3.3 Representation of Constraints by Operations 9.4 Particular Kinds of Static Constraint 9.4.1 Key Constraints 9.4.2 Reference Constraints 9.4.3 Inclusion Constraints 9.4.4 Disjunction Constraints 9.4.5 Covering Constraints 9.4.6 Constraints of Recursive Binary Relationship Types 9.4.7 Entity Type Cardinality Constraints 9.5 Creation-Time Constraints 9.6 Bibliographical Notes 9.7 Exercises 10 Taxonomies 10.1 Specialization. 10.1.1 The/5/1 Relationship 10.1.2 Entity Types Derived by Intersection and Multiple Classification 10.1.3 The Entity Type Entity 10.2 Generalization 10.2.1 The Gens Relationship 10.2.2 Constraints on Generalizations 10.2.3 Generalization/Specialization Dimension 10.2.4 Explicit Subtypes versus Explicit Dimension Attributes 10.2.5 Partitions 10.3 The Taxonomy of a Conceptual Schema 10.3.1 Valid Type Configurations 10.3.2 Taxonomic Constraints and Derivability 10.3.3 Partitions and Derivability 10.4 Relationship Type Refinement 10.4.1 Participant Refinement 10.4.2 Particular Kinds of Participant Refinement 10.4.3 Cardinality Constraint Strengthening 10.4.4 Interaction of/.svl and Cardinality Constraints 10.4.5 Derivation Rule Redefinition 10.4.6 Redefining a Base Relationship Type as Derived 10.5 Constraint Specialization 10.6 Specialization/Generalization of Relationship Types 10.6.1 IsA and Gens Between Relationship Types 10.6.2 Reification and Specialization 10.7 Bibliographical Notes 10.8 Exercises 11 Domain Events 11.1 Domain Events as Sets of Structural Events 11.1.1 Structural Events 11.1.2 Domain Events 11.2 Representation in an Information System 11.2.1 Domain Events as Entities 11.2.2 Logical Representation 11.2.3 UML Representation 11.3 Domain Event Constraints 11.3.1 Logical Representation 11.3.2 UML Representation 11.4 Event Effects: The Postcondition Approach 11.4.1 Logical Representation 11.4.2 UML Representation 11.4.3 The Frame Problem 11.5 Event Effects: The Procedural Approach 11.5.1 Logical Representation 11.5.2 UML Representation 11.6 Consistency with the Structural Schema 11.7 Bibliographical Notes 11.8 Exercises 12 Action Request Events 12.1 Actions and Action Request Events 12.1.1 Scope of this Chapter 12.2 Action Request Event Types 12.2.1 Characteristics of Action Request Events. 12.2.2 Constraints of Action Request Events 12.3 Effects of Queries 12.4 Effects of Action Request Events 12.4.1 Effects of Domain Event Notifications 12.5 Event Specialization 12.6 Generating Conditions 12.7 Bibliographical Notes 12.8 Exercises 13 State Transition Diagrams 13.1 Finite State Machines 13.1.1 Finite Automata 13.1.2 Moore and Mealy Machines 13.2 Entities as State Machines 13.2.1 Entity Life Cycle 13.3 State Transition Diagrams in UML 13.3.1 Transitions Triggered by Change and Time Events 13.3.2 Unexpected-Event Reception 13.3.3 Initial State 13.3.4 Final State 13.3.5 Junction 13.3.6 Choice 13.4 From Domain and Action Request Events to Call Events 13.4.1 Localization of Event Constraints and Effects 13.5 Entity Types with Multiple State Transition Diagrams 13.6 Bibliographical Notes 13.7 Exercises 14 Statecharts 14.1 The State Hierarchy 14.1.1 Simple Composite States 14.1.2 State Configuration and Entity Life Cycle 14.1.3 Initial Pseudostate 14.1.4 Conflicting Transitions 14.2 Parallelism 14.2.1 Initial Pseudostate 14.2.2 Firing Multiple Transitions 14.2.3 Fork 14.2.4 Join 14.3 Bibliographical Notes 14.4 Exercises 15 Use Cases 15.1 Actors 15.2 Use Cases 15.2.1 Definition 15.2.2 Use Case Actors 15.2.3 Use Case Specification 15.2.4 Relationships Between Use Cases 15.2.5 Use Case Model 15.3 Mapping Use Cases to Requests 15.3.1 Textual References 15.3.2 Creation Dependencies 15.3.3 Sequence Diagrams 15.4 Bibliographical Notes 15.5 Exercises 16 Case Study 16.1 Main Domain Concepts 16.2 Store Configuration 16.2.1 Store Data 16.2.2 Minimum Values 16.3 Store Administration 16.3.1 Manufacturers 16.3.2 Categories 16.3.3 Products 16.4 Customers 16.5 Online Catalog 16.5.1 Shopping Carts 16.5.2 Orders 16.5.3 Show Previous Orders 17 Metamodeling 17.1 Meta Entity Types 17.1.1 Definition 17.1.2 Classification Level 17.1.3 InstanceOf versus Is A 17.1.4 Monolevel and Multilevel Information Bases 17.1.5 Logical Representation 17.1.6 Representation in UML 17.2 Powertypes, 17.3 Class Relationship Types 17.4 Meta Relationship Types 17.4.1 Definition 17.4.2 Logical Representation 17.4.3 Representation in UML 17.5 Metaschemas 17.5.1 Definition 17.5.2 Example of a Metaschema 17.5.3 Levels of a Meta Information Base 17.5.4 The Importance of Metaschemas 17.5.5 Conceptual Models versus Metaschemas 17.5.6 The UML Metaschema. 17.6 Stereotypes 17.6.1 Definition 17.6.2 Stereotypes in the Metaschema 17.7 Bibliographical Notes 17.8 Exercises 18 The MOF and XMl 18.1 Meta-Metaschemas 18.1.1 Definition. 18.1.2 The MOF 18.2 The MOF as a Conceptual Modeling Language 18.2.1 The MOF as an w-metaschema 18.3 XMl 18.3.1 XMl Representation of Entities and Relationships 18.3.2 XMl Representation of UML Schemas 18.4 Bibliographical Notes 18.5 Exercises References Index1 Introduction 1.1 Functions of an Information System 1.1.1 The Memory Function 1.1.2 The Informative Function 1.1.3 The Active Function 1.1.4 Examples of Information Systems 1.2 Conceptual Modeling 1.2.1 The Structural Schema 1.2.2 The Information Base 1.2.3 The Behavioral Schema 1.2.4 Integrity Constraints 1.2.5 Derivation Rules 1.2.6 The Principle of Necessity for Conceptual Schemas 1.3 The Abstract Architecture of an Information System 1.4 Requirements Engineering 1.5 Quality of Conceptual Schemas 1.6 A Brief History of Conceptual Modeling 1.6.1 Logical Models 1.6.2 Semantic Data Models 1.6.3 Conceptual Models of Information Systems 1.6.4 Object Orientation 1-7 Bibliographical Notes 2 Entity Types 2.1 Introduction 21.1 Definitional Concepts 2.1.2 Functions of a Concept 2.1.3 Prototypical Concepts 2.1.4 Exemplar-Based Concepts 2.2 Design of Concepts 2.3 Definition of Entity Types 2.3.1 Names 2.3.2 Population 2.3.3 Subsumption 2.4 Representation in an Information System 2.4.1 State of the Information Base 2.4.2 Logical Representation 2.4.3 Representation in UML 2.4.4 Conceptual Models; Single or Multiple Classification 2.4.5 Conceptual Models: Static or Dynamic Classification 2.4.6 Properties of the Representation 2.5 Data Types 2.5.1 Data Types in UML 2.6 Bibliographical Notes 2.7 Exercises 3 Relationship Types 3.1 Definition 3.1.1 Degree 3.1.2 Pattern Sentence 3.1.3 Unary Relationship Types 3.1.4 Population 3.1.5 Subsumption 3.2 Representation in an Information System 3.2.1 State of the Information Base 3.2.2 Logical Representation 3.2.3 Representation in UML 3-2.4 Properties of the Representation 3.3 Attributes 3.3.1 Conceptual Models Based on Attributes 3.3.2 Attribute Pattern Sentence 3.3.3 Representation in UML 3.3.4 On the Use of Attributes 3.4 Bibliographical Notes 3.5 Exercises 4 Cardinality Constraints 4.1 Cardinality Constraints of Binary Relationship Types 4 r.2 Relationship Types 4.1.2 Recursive Relationship Types 4.1.3 Satisfiability of Cardinality Constraints 4.2 Cardinality Constraints of n-ary Relationship Types 4.2.1 Consistency and Inference Rules 4.3 Maximal Participation 4.4 Bibliographical Notes 4.5 Exercises 5 Particular Kinds of Relationship Type 5.1 Reference Relationship Types 5.1.1 Simple Reference 5.1.2 Compound Reference 5.1.3 Set Reference 5.2 Identification 5.2.1 Identifiability of Entity Types 5.3 Replacing Entities with Identifiers in Relationships 5.4 Elementary Relationship Types 5.5 Decomposing NonElementary Relationship Types 5.5.1 Decomposition Based on Functional Dependencies 5.5.2 Decomposition Based on Multivalued Dependencies 5.5.3 Decomposition by Absorbing a Constant Entity Type 5.6 Bibliographical Notes 5.7 Exercises 6 Reification 6.1 Definition 6.2 Representation in UML 6.2.1 Association Classes 6.2.2 Implicit Reification 6.2.3 Implicit Reification as a Schema Transformation 6.3 Partial Reification 6.4 Bibliographical Notes 6.5 Exercises 7 Generic Relationship Types 7.1 Definition 7.2 Representation in an Information System 7.2.1 Logical Representation 7.2.2 Representation in UML 7.3 Part-Whole Relationships 7.3.1 Description 7.3.2 Representation in UML 7.3.3 Part Sharing 7.3.4 Part Dependency 7.4 Grouping 7.4.1 Description 7.4.2 Representation in UML 7.4.3 Homogeneous Versus Heterogeneous Groups 7.5 Roles 7.5.1 Description 7.5.2 Representation in UML 7.5.3 Propagation 7.6 Materialization 7.6.1 Description 7.6.2 Representation in UML 7.6.3 Inheritance 7.7 Bibliographical Notes 7.8 Exercises 8 Derived Types 8.1 Derivability 8.1.1 Base Types 8.1.2 Derived Types 8.1.3 Hybrid Types 8.1.4 Transformation of Hybrid Types into Derived Types 8.1.5 Design of Derivability 8.2 Representation in an Information System 8.2.1 Logical Representation 8.2.2 Representation in UML 8.2.3 Representation of Derivation Rules by Operations 8.3 Particular Kinds of Derived Type 8.3.1 Derived by Union 8.3.2 Derived by Specialization 8.3.3 Derived by Exclusion 8.3.4 Derived by Participation 8.3.5 Transitive Closure 8 s '^ules for Constant Relationship Types 8.5 Hybrid Types m UML 8.6 Justification for Derived Types 8.7 Bibliographical Notes 8.8 Exercises 9 Integrity Constraints 9.1 The Concept of an Integrity Constraint 9.1.1 Integrity = Validity + Completeness 9.1.2 Integrity Constraints 9.1.3 Violation of Integrity Constraints 9.1.4 Violation Response Actions 9.2 Classification of Integrity Constraints 9.2.1 Classification According to Source 9.2.2 Classification According to Scope 9.2.3 Classification According to Cause of Violation 9.3 Representation in an Information System 9.3.1 Logical Representation 9.3.2 Representation in UML 9.3.3 Representation of Constraints by Operations 9.4 Particular Kinds of Static Constraint 9.4.1 Key Constraints 9.4.2 Reference Constraints 9.4.3 Inclusion Constraints 9.4.4 Disjunction Constraints 9.4.5 Covering Constraints 9.4.6 Constraints of Recursive Binary Relationship Types 9.4.7 Entity Type Cardinality Constraints 9.5 Creation-Time Constraints 9.6 Bibliographical Notes 9.7 Exercises 10 Taxonomies 10.1 Specialization. 10.1.1 The/5/1 Relationship 10.1.2 Entity Types Derived by Intersection and Multiple Classification 10.1.3 The Entity Type Entity 10.2 Generalization 10.2.1 The Gens Relationship 10.2.2 Constraints on Generalizations 10.2.3 Generalization/Specialization Dimension 10.2.4 Explicit Subtypes versus Explicit Dimension Attributes 10.2.5 Partitions 10.3 The Taxonomy of a Conceptual Schema 10.3.1 Valid Type Configurations 10.3.2 Taxonomic Constraints and Derivability 10.3.3 Partitions and Derivability 10.4 Relationship Type Refinement 10.4.1 Participant Refinement 10.4.2 Particular Kinds of Participant Refinement 10.4.3 Cardinality Constraint Strengthening 10.4.4 Interaction of/.svl and Cardinality Constraints 10.4.5 Derivation Rule Redefinition 10.4.6 Redefining a Base Relationship Type as Derived 10.5 Constraint Specialization 10.6 Specialization/Generalization of Relationship Types 10.6.1 IsA and Gens Between Relationship Types 10.6.2 Reification and Specialization 10.7 Bibliographical Notes 10.8 Exercises 11 Domain Events 11.1 Domain Events as Sets of Structural Events 11.1.1 Structural Events 11.1.2 Domain Events 11.2 Representation in an Information System 11.2.1 Domain Events as Entities 11.2.2 Logical Representation 11.2.3 UML Representation 11.3 Domain Event Constraints 11.3.1 Logical Representation 11.3.2 UML Representation 11.4 Event Effects: The Postcondition Approach 11.4.1 Logical Representation 11.4.2 UML Representation 11.4.3 The Frame Problem 11.5 Event Effects: The Procedural Approach 11.5.1 Logical Representation 11.5.2 UML Representation 11.6 Consistency with the Structural Schema 11.7 Bibliographical Notes 11.8 Exercises 12 Action Request Events 12.1 Actions and Action Request Events 12.1.1 Scope of this Chapter 12.2 Action Request Event Types 12.2.1 Characteristics of Action Request Events. 12.2.2 Constraints of Action Request Events 12.3 Effects of Queries 12.4 Effects of Action Request Events 12.4.1 Effects of Domain Event Notifications 12.5 Event Specialization 12.6 Generating Conditions 12.7 Bibliographical Notes 12.8 Exercises 13 State Transition Diagrams 13.1 Finite State Machines 13.1.1 Finite Automata 13.1.2 Moore and Mealy Machines 13.2 Entities as State Machines 13.2.1 Entity Life Cycle 13.3 State Transition Diagrams in UML 13.3.1 Transitions Triggered by Change and Time Events 13.3.2 Unexpected-Event Reception 13.3.3 Initial State 13.3.4 Final State 13.3.5 Junction 13.3.6 Choice 13.4 From Domain and Action Request Events to Call Events 13.4.1 Localization of Event Constraints and Effects 13.5 Entity Types with Multiple State Transition Diagrams 13.6 Bibliographical Notes 13.7 Exercises 14 Statecharts 14.1 The State Hierarchy 14.1.1 Simple Composite States 14.1.2 State Configuration and Entity Life Cycle 14.1.3 Initial Pseudostate 14.1.4 Conflicting Transitions 14.2 Parallelism 14.2.1 Initial Pseudostate 14.2.2 Firing Multiple Transitions 14.2.3 Fork 14.2.4 Join 14.3 Bibliographical Notes 14.4 Exercises 15 Use Cases 15.1 Actors 15.2 Use Cases 15.2.1 Definition 15.2.2 Use Case Actors 15.2.3 Use Case Specification 15.2.4 Relationships Between Use Cases 15.2.5 Use Case Model 15.3 Mapping Use Cases to Requests 15.3.1 Textual References 15.3.2 Creation Dependencies 15.3.3 Sequence Diagrams 15.4 Bibliographical Notes 15.5 Exercises 16 Case Study 16.1 Main Domain Concepts 16.2 Store Configuration 16.2.1 Store Data 16.2.2 Minimum Values 16.3 Store Administration 16.3.1 Manufacturers 16.3.2 Categories 16.3.3 Products 16.4 Customers 16.5 Online Catalog 16.5.1 Shopping Carts 16.5.2 Orders 16.5.3 Show Previous Orders 17 Metamodeling 17.1 Meta Entity Types 17.1.1 Definition 17.1.2 Classification Level 17.1.3 InstanceOf versus Is A 17.1.4 Monolevel and Multilevel Information Bases 17.1.5 Logical Representation 17.1.6 Representation in UML 17.2 Powertypes, 17.3 Class Relationship Types 17.4 Meta Relationship Types 17.4.1 Definition 17.4.2 Logical Representation 17.4.3 Representation in UML 17.5 Metaschemas 17.5.1 Definition 17.5.2 Example of a Metaschema 17.5.3 Levels of a Meta Information Base 17.5.4 The Importance of Metaschemas 17.5.5 Conceptual Models versus Metaschemas 17.5.6 The UML Metaschema. 17.6 Stereotypes 17.6.1 Definition 17.6.2 Stereotypes in the Metaschema 17.7 Bibliographical Notes 17.8 Exercises 18 The MOF and XMl 18.1 Meta-Metaschemas 18.1.1 Definition. 18.1.2 The MOF 18.2 The MOF as a Conceptual Modeling Language 18.2.1 The MOF as an w-metaschema 18.3 XMl 18.3.1 XMl Representation of Entities and Relationships 18.3.2 XMl Representation of UML Schemas 18.4 Bibliographical Notes 18.5 Exercises References Index