Plant natural products: synthesis, biological functions and practical applications/
Herwig O. Gutzeit and Jutta Ludwig-Muller
- Weinheim: Willey Blsckwell, 2014.
- xii, 422 p. : ill. ; 25 cm.
1. Biosynthesis and Chemical Properties of Natural Substances in Plants -- 1.1. Selected Classes of Secondary Metabolites -- 1.1.1. Occurrence and Compartmentation -- 1.1.2. Biosynthesis -- 1.1.2.1. Alkaloids -- 1.1.2.2. Phenol Derivatives, Especially Flavonoids -- 1.1.2.3. Betalains -- 1.1.2.4. Cyanogenic Glycosides, Glucosinolates, and other Indole Derivatives -- 1.1.2.5. Terpenes -- 1.1.3. Transcriptional Control -- 1.1.4. Transport of Secondary Metabolites -- 1.2. Evolution of Natural Compounds in Plants -- 1.2.1. Parallel Evolution of Similar Pathways -- 1.2.2. Gene Duplication -- 1.2.3. Gene Clusters -- 1.2.4. Natural Variation -- 1.2.5. Modulation of Different Molecules with Similar Functions -- 1.2.6. Evolution by Stress Factors -- 1.2.6.1. Abiotic Stress -- 1.2.6.2. Biotic Factors -- 1.3. Biotechnological Applications -- 1.3.1. Identification and Quantification of Natural Plant Products -- 1.3.2. Biological Activity. Note continued: 1.3.3. Biotechnological Production of Natural Compounds -- 2. Function of Natural Substances in Plants -- 2.1. Secondary Compounds in Primary Metabolism -- 2.2. Development -- 2.2.1. Vegetative Growth -- 2.2.1.1. Structural Polymers -- 2.2.1.2. Flavonoids and Auxin Transport -- 2.2.1.3. Glucosinolates and the Biosynthesis of IAA -- 2.2.1.4. Polar Growth -- 2.2.1.5. Cytoskeleton and Cell Cycle -- 2.2.1.6. Alkaloids and Growth -- 2.2.1.7. Senescence -- 2.2.2. Reproduction: Male Fertility -- 2.2.3. Flower Biology Pollination -- 2.2.3.1. Nutrients -- 2.2.3.2. Aroma Volatiles -- 2.2.3.3. Color -- 2.2.4. Fruit and Seeds -- 2.2.4.1. Fruit Development -- 2.2.4.2. Seed Formation -- 2.2.4.3. Seed Dispersal -- 2.2.4.4. Seed Dormancy -- 2.3. Abiotic Stress -- 2.3.1. Antioxidative Properties in Plants -- 2.3.2. Light and UV Irradiation -- 2.3.3. High Temperatures -- 2.3.4. Cold, Salt, and Drought Stress -- 2.3.5. Nutrient Deficiency -- 2.3.6. Environmental Pollution. Note continued: 2.3.6.1. Heavy Metal Stress -- 2.3.6.2. Air Pollution -- 2.4. Symbioses -- 2.4.1. Rhizobia -- 2.4.2. Mycorrhiza -- 2.4.3. Endophytic Fungi -- 2.4.4. Lichens -- 2.5. Defense -- 2.5.1. Pathogens -- 2.5.1.1. Preformed Defense Response -- 2.5.1.2. Induced-Defense Response -- 2.5.1.3. Systemic Acquired Resistance -- 2.5.2. Antimicrobial Potential in Plant Protection (Biofumigation) -- 2.5.3. Invertebrate Herbivores -- 2.5.3.1. Insects -- 2.5.3.2. Phytopathogenic Fungi Alter the Chemical Defense of Plants Against Insects -- 2.5.3.3. Biological Plant Protection Against Insects with Secondary Metabolites -- 2.5.3.4. Nematodes -- 2.5.3.5. Snails/Slugs -- 2.5.4. Parasitic Plants -- 2.6. Allelopathy -- 3. Biological Effects on Microorganisms and Animals -- 3.1. Coevolution -- 3.1.1. Adaptation Mechanisms of Microbes and Herbivores -- 3.1.1.1. Fungi -- 3.1.1.2. Insects -- 3.1.1.3. Vertebrates -- 3.1.2. Attraction of Insects -- 3.2. Effects on Vertebrates: An Overview. Note continued: 3.2.1. Structural and Functional Diversity of Natural Substances: Challenges and Promises -- 3.2.2. Molecular Interactions with Cellular Components -- 3.2.2.1. Protein Targets -- 3.2.2.2. Interaction with Nucleic Acids -- 3.2.2.3. Interaction with Lipids -- 3.2.2.4. Interaction with Carbohydrates -- 3.2.2.5. Metal Chelators -- 3.2.3. Visualization of Natural Substances in Living Cells -- 4. Metabolism and Toxicity of Natural Substances in Mammals -- 4.1. Metabolism of Natural Substances in Mammals -- 4.1.1. Principles of Pharmacokinetics -- 4.1.1.1. Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion -- 4.1.2. Case Studies of Selected Natural Compounds -- 4.1.2.1. Quercetin -- 4.1.2.2. Catechins and Proanthocyanidins -- 4.1.2.3. Resveratrol -- 4.1.2.4. Morphine -- 4.1.2.5. Nicotine -- 4.1.3. Metabolic Bioactivation -- 4.1.4. Effects on Enzymes Controlling Biotransformation and Bioavailability -- 4.1.4.1. Medical Importance -- 4.1.5. Genetic Polymorphisms. Note continued: 4.1.5.1. Genetic Polymorphisms of Key Metabolic Enzymes -- 4.1.5.2. Caffeine -- 4.1.5.3. Nicotine -- 4.1.5.4. Codeine and Morphine -- 4.1.5.5. Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine -- 4.2. Toxicity -- 4.2.1. Basic Toxicology -- 4.2.1.1. Cytotoxicity -- 4.2.2. Toxicity of Selected Natural Substances -- 4.2.2.1. Animal Poisons -- 4.2.2.2. Poisons in Plants, Fungi, and Bacteria -- 4.2.2.3. Taxus Alkaloids -- 4.2.2.4. Phallotoxins and Amatoxins -- 4.2.2.5. Ricin -- 4.2.2.6. Bacterial Toxins -- 4.2.3. Strategies and Difficulties in Toxicological Evaluations -- 4.2.3.1. Mutagenicity and Cancerogenicity -- 4.2.3.2. Reprotoxicity and Developmental Toxicity -- 4.2.3.3. Experimental Variables and Limitations of Test Systems -- 5. Examples of Physiological Effects of Natural Substances Present in Food and in Medicinal Plants -- 5.1. Are Antioxidants Good for Health? -- 5.1.1. Generation and Homeostatic Control of Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species. Note continued: 5.1.2. Function of ROS/RNS as Signaling Molecules for Cellular Functions -- 5.1.3. Oxidative Stress in Human Diseases and in Aging -- 5.1.4. Natural Substances Affecting Redox Homeostasis -- 5.1.4.1. Reduction of ROS in a Redox Reaction -- 5.1.4.2. Formation of Chelates with Metals -- 5.1.4.3. Inhibition of Enzymes Involved in Stress Defense -- 5.1.4.4. Initiation of an Adaptive Response -- 5.1.5. Hormesis and the Benefits of Temporary Mild Oxidative Stress -- 5.2. Endocrine Effects of Natural Substances -- 5.2.1. Are Endocrine Disrupters a Threat to Animal and Human Health? -- 5.2.2. How Do Phytoestrogens Interfere with the Endocrine System? -- 5.2.2.1. The Estradiol Receptor is a Target of Natural Substances -- 5.2.2.2. Natural Compounds Affecting Steroid Biosynthesis -- 5.2.2.3. Other Activities of Phytoestrogens -- 5.2.3. Evaluation of Risks and Benefits of Phytoestrogens to Treat Common Diseases -- 5.2.3.1. Phytoestrogens and Reproductive Functions. Note continued: 5.2.3.2. Do Phytoestrogens Protect Against Breast Cancer? -- 5.2.3.3. Hormone Replacement Therapy -- 5.2.3.4. Other Physiological Effects of Phytoestrogens -- 5.2.3.5. Phytoestrogens Illustrate the Experimental Challenge of a Mechanistic Analysis -- 5.2.4. Transgeneration Effects -- 5.2.5. Natural Substances Interfering with Nonsteroidal Signaling -- 5.3. Interference with Neural Functions -- 5.3.1. Basic Features of the Nervous System and Synaptic Transmission -- 5.3.2. Bioactivity of Cannabinoids -- 5.3.2.1. Effects of Phytocannabinoids on Neural Functions -- 5.3.2.2. Medical Applications of Phytoestrogens -- 5.3.3. Discovery and Bioactivity of Opioids -- 5.3.4. Analgesic Properties of Opioids and Cannabinoids -- 5.3.4.1. Analgesic Effects of Opioids -- 5.3.4.2. Analgesic Activity of Cannabinoids -- 5.3.5. The Hallucinogenic Drugs Psilocin, Psilocybin, and Mescaline -- 5.3.6. Natural Substances Affecting Cholinergic Signaling -- 5.3.6.1. The Cholinergic Synapse. Note continued: 5.3.6.2. Cholinergic Signaling is a Target for Natural Substances -- 5.3.6.3. Inhibitors of AChE -- 5.3.6.4. Medical Applications of AChE Inhibitors -- 5.3.7. Sympathomimetic Substances -- 6. Nature's Drugstore for a Healthy Life -- 6.1. Biologically Active Food and Food Components -- 6.1.1. The Quantity of Food Intake Affects Life Expectancy -- 6.1.2. Resveratrol: Longevity and Health with Grapes? -- 6.1.3. Food with Health-Promoting Bioactive Substances -- 6.1.3.1. Grapes (Resveratrol) -- 6.1.3.2. Broccoli (Sulforaphane) -- 6.1.3.3. Hops (Xanthohumol) -- 6.1.3.4. Green Tea (Epigallocatechin 3-Gallate) -- 6.1.3.5. Garlic (Allicin) -- 6.1.3.6. Other Polyphenol-Rich Foods -- 6.1.3.7. Is There a General Mechanistic Principle for Health-Promoting Substances in Food? -- 6.1.4. Functional Food: Does it Hold the Promise? -- 6.2. Natural Compounds in Pharmacological Research -- 6.2.1. Mining for Bioactive Compounds in Marine and Terrestrial Organisms. Note continued: 6.2.2. Medicinal Chemistry Inspired by Natural Products -- 6.2.2.1. Lessons from Natural Substances About Relevant Targets -- 6.2.2.2. Natural Chemical Scaffolds and their Pharmacological Optimization -- 6.2.2.3. Systematic Computational Analysis of Natural Scaffolds and Peptide Motifs -- 6.3. The Problem of Complexity: Analysis and Consequences -- 6.3.1. Many Targets: A Problem? -- 6.3.2. From Pharmacology to Polypharmacology -- 6.3.3. Reverse Pharmacology Inspired by Traditional Medicine.