Security Studies/ An Introduction
Williams, Paul D.[ed.]
- 1st.ed.
- London: Routledge, 2008.
- 552
1 SECURITY STUDIES: AN INTRODUCTION Paul D. Williams Wliat is security studies? A very short overview Defining a field of inquiry: four fundamental questions What is security? 5 Whose security? 7 What is a security issue? 8 How can security be achieved? 9 How to use this book Part 1 Theoretical approaches 2 REALISM Colin Elman Introduction Classical realism Neorealism: Waltz's Theory of Internatioual Politics Defensive structural realism Offensive structural realism Rise and fall realism Neoclassical realism Conclusion 3 LIBERALISM Cornelia Navari Introduction Traditional or Kantian liberalism Douce commerce The democratic peace thesis Neoliberal institutionalism Conclusion 4 GAM.E THEORY Prank C. Zagare Introduction Primitive concepts Strategic-form games and Nash equilibria Extensive-form games, backwards induction and subgame perfect equilibria Applications of game theor)' in securit)' studies Coda 5 CONSTRUCTIVISM Matt McDonald Introduction: constructivism and security Constructivism: central tenets and shared assumptions Securit}' as social construction: identity and norms 61 Negotiation and contestation 64 Agents, structures and change 66 The Copenhagen School Conclusion 6 PEACE STUDIES Peter Lawler Introduction: What is peace studies? Peace studies: a brief history Peace researcii as science 77 From peace research to peace studies 79 Key concepts Positive and negative peace 81 Structural violence 83 Cultural violence 85 The future of peace studies? 7 CRITICAL THEORY Pinar Bilgin Introduction: the need for a critical perspective Rethinking security Critical theory Theory/practice The 'Welsh School' of critical securit)' studies Emancipation Conclusion 8 FEMINIST PERSPECTIVES Sandra Whirvvorth Introduction Feminist approaches in international security Women, gender and security - the impacts of armed conflict Women, gender and security — action and activism Women, gender and security — talking and making weapons and war Conclusions 9 INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL SOCIOLOGY Didier Bigo Introduction Security studies within IR; bordering and debordering what security means From security sectors to (inlsecuritization, a constructivist stance Is (in)securitization only a speech act enacting exception? The role of routines and technologies Conclusion Part 2 Key concepts 10 UNCERTAINTY Ken Binuh and Nicholas J. Whcclcr Introduction The house of uncertainty The quintessential dilemma Three logics The securit)' dilemma in the tsventj'-first centur)' Towards a new agenda for security studies 11 WAR Paul D. Williams Introduction Three philosophies of war Trends in armed conflicts since 1945 Who fights? Who dies? 161 Is the nature of warfare changing? The idea ol total war 163 The 'new wars' debate 165 The contemporary Western way ol war 167 Conclusion 12 TERRORISM Paul Rogers Introduction Terrorism in perspective Definitions State and sub-state terror Responding to terrorism The 9/11 response and the War on Terror Trends in terrorism Terrorism and insurgency 182 Internationalism 182 Suicide terrorism 183 Speed of learning 183 Media developments 183 P.conomic targeting 183 Mass casualty attacks and weapons of mass destruction 184 Conclusion 13 GENOCIDE AND MASS KILLING Adam Jones Introduction Genocide: key cases Challenges of intervention Conclusion: the way forward - and back 14 ETHNIC CONFLICT Stuart J. Kaufman Introduction What is ethnic conflict? An overview of ethnic conflicts Causes of violent ethnic conflict Sudan 208 Yugoslavia 209 International security dimensions of ethnic conflicts Resolution of ethnic civil wars 15 COERCION Lawrence Freedman and Srinath Raghavan Introduction Strategy Deterrence and compellence Designing coercive strategies Punishment and denial Types of costs Multiple audiences Reputations Long-term impact Conclusion 16 HUMAN SECURITY Fen Osier Hampson Introduction Understanding the scope of human security Setting the boundaries of human security Ongoing debates and unresolved issues Human security risk assessment Governance and human security Towards a theorj' of human security Conclusion 17 POVERTY Caroline Thomas Introduction Is poverty an appropriate concern for security studies? Whose poverty? Whose security? Placing human beings at the centre of our concern What do we know about the poverty-security nexus? What do we know about poverty-violent conflict? Effect of poverty on conflict 254 Effect of conflict on poverty 255 The diplomatic agenda on _ poverty and security Conclusion 18 ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE Simon Dalby Introduction Environmental security Robert Kaplan's 'coming anarchy Environmental threat: science? Environmental threat: policy options? Ten years alter: the Pentagon climate scenario Human security and global ecology 19 HEALTH Colin Mclnnes Introduction Health as a security issue The spread of infeccious disease HIV/AIDS as a security issue Biocerrorism A not so perfect partnership? Conclusion Part 3 Institutions 20 ALLIANCES John S. Duffieid with (Cynthia Michota and Sara Ann Miller Introduction: Why study alliances? Definitions: What is an alliance? Explanations of alliance persistence and collapse Theories of alliance formation 295 Alliance Institutionalizarion and socialization 298 The case of NATO after the Cold War Background: NATO's origins and evolution during the Cold War 300 The puzzle of NATO's post-Cold War persistence 301 Explaining NATO's persistence 302 Conclusion: alliance theory and the future of NATO 21 REGIONAL INSTITUTIONS Louise Fawcett Introduction Organization of the chapter 310 Note on terms 311 The origins and development of regional security institutions Regional securit)' institutions in the Cold War 313 Regional security institutions since the Cold War 316 Contemporary challenges Peace operations 319 The post-2001 security environment Assessing the growth of regional security institutions 22 THE UNITED NATIONS T hoiiKis Ci. Weiss and Danielle Zach Kalbacher Introduction The Securit)' Council Coniposiiioa 327 I'nwers 329 The Securit)' Councils task expansion US hegemony Increased access by actors other than states The General Assembly The Secretariat Other UN organs and actors Twenty-first-century challenges Changes in the nature of war and UN responses 338 Terrorism 340 Disarmament and non-proliferation Conclusion Part 4 Contemporary challenges 23 THE INTERNATIONAL ARMS TRADE William D. Hartung Introduction Three channels for arms transfers Arms sales talce-off: the 1970s and 1980s Post-Cold War dynamics Post-9/11 arms exports The trade in small arms and light weapons Dangers of dual use: the A.Q. Khan network Prospects for restraint Conclusion 24 NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION Waheguru Pal Singh Sidhu Introduction Three caveats Non-proliferation regime Three challenges Three approaches Way forward 25 COUNTERTERRORISM I'aul R. Pillar Introduction Basic elements Defence Going on the offence Law enforcement and military force Issues and choices 26 COUNTERINSURGENCY Joanna Spear Introduction: the current discourse on counterinsurgency The state of the field The problem that counterinsurgency responds to - insurgency 'Hearts and minds' The role of military force in counterinsurgency Learning on the ground What difference does it make to be doing counterinsurgency in the media age? Similarities to post-conflict peace building Conclusion 27 PEACE OPERATIONS Michael Pugh Introduction Language and meaning Surge, retraction, resurgence Reforms Brahimi's report 413 Guehenno's goals 415 Ban's plans 416 Standards 416 Hybrid operations 417 Public security gap 418 Conclusion: future prospects THE RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT AltxJ. Bellamy Introduction Sovereignty and responsibility: from the American Revolution to the ICISS report R2P Responsibility to prevent 427 Rcsponsibilit)' to react 429 Responsibility to rebuild 432 From ICISS to the World Summit Turning ideas into actions? Conclusion PRIVATE SECURITY Deborah D. Avanc Introduction Private security and the control of force A transnational market for military and security services The current market compared Why the current market? Conclusion TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME John T. Picarelli Introduction Transnational criminal organizations The illicit political economy The big three: drugs, people and arms The wide world of crime Money laundering and corruption The dark side of globalization Transnational crime as a security issue InrernationaJ security National security Human security Responses to transnational crime Conclusion 31 POPULATION MOVEMENTS Sita Bali Introduction Population movements as a security issue Population movements categorized Population movements and violent conflict Population movements and foreign policy Population movements and internal security Conclusion 32 ENERGY SECURITY Michael T. Klarc Introduction Understanding energy security Why now? Intimations of global petroleum insufficiency A shift in the centre of gravit)' of world oil production Oil facilities as a target of attack Addressing energy (in)securir\' Conclusion 33 WHAT FUTURE FOR SECURITY STUDIES? Stuart Croft Introduction: context and scope Locating security studies Future directions in the subfield Future directions in the suhdiscipline Security studies, porous boundaries, and the struggle for coherence