TY - BOOK TI - Research methods and statistics SN - 9780205624096 U1 - 150.721 PY - 2012/// CY - Boston PB - Pearson N1 - 1 Psychology, Science, and Life Why Are Research Methods Important Tools for Life? Creating BCnowledge / Answering Important Questions Why We Do Research Description 4 / Explanation / Prediction / Control What Constitutes Scientific Knowledge? 1 Science Is Objective 8 / Science Is Data Driven / Science Is Replicable and Verifiable 9 / Science Is Public The Interaction of Science and Culture The Government's Role in Science / Cultural Values and Science Scientific Literacy Science and Pseudoscience / Warning Signs of Bogus Science 15 / Junk Science IS Chapter Summary Key Terms Chapter Review Questions Part II: The First Steps in Conducting Research 2 Ethics in Research Unethical Research Practices—Past and Present Ethical Problems in the Early Years of the Twentieth Century / Ethics and Plagiarism / Current Examples of Unethical Research Ethical Guidelines Created by the American Psychological Association Aspirational Goals and Enforc cable Rules / Ethical Standards as They Affect You Legal Requirements and Ethics in Research Institutional Review Boards The Importance of Social Context in Deciding on Ethics in Research Stanley Milgram's Research Project on Obedience / The Ethical Issues / The Social Context What You Need to Do if Your Research Involves Deception Some Research Requires Deception / The Effects of Debriefing on Research Ethical Issues in Special Circumstances Ethics in Cross-Cultural Research / Ethics in Internet Research / Ethics in Animal Research Chapter Summary Key Terms Chapter Review Questions 3 Planning Research: Generating a Question Where Research Ideas Begin: Everyday Observations and Systematic Research Informal and Formal Sources of Ideas / The Effect of Theory How Can You Develop Research Ideas? Generating Researeh Hypotheses The Virtual Laboratory: Research on the Internet Internet Research 61 / Respondent Motivation / Advantages to Web-Based Research 64 / Potential Problems with Web-Based Research 65 / The Future of the Internet m Psychology Checking on Research: The Role of Replication Don't Reinvent the Wheel: Reviewing the Literature What Is a Literature Review? / The Effect of Peer Review on the Research Literature How to Conduct a Literature Review Electronic Databases / Starting Your Search / Different Sources of Information How to Read a Journal Article Understanding the Format of a Research Paper Chapter Summary Key Terms Chapter Review Questions Practical Issues in Planning Your Research Practical Questions in Planning Research Different JVays ofStudying Behavior Measuring Complex Concepts / The Importance of Culture and Context in Defining Variables / Carrying Out a Literature Search Conducting Your Study Determining the Research Setting / Approaches to Psychological Research 88 / Selecting Research Materials and Procedures 90 / Why Methodology Is Important Choosing Your Participants or Subjects The Nature of Your Participants 94 / Deciding How Many Participants to Include Can Rats, Mice, and Fish Help Us Understand Humans? Probability Sampling Simple Random Sampling / Systematic Sampling / Stratified Random Sampling / Cluster Sampling Nonprobability Sampling Convenience Sampling / Quota Sampling / Purposive (Judgmental) Sampling / Chain-Referral Sampling Chapter Summary Key Terms Chapter Review Questions Organizing Data with Descriptive Statistics Using Statistics to Describe Results Descriptive Statistics Scales of Measurement / Measures of Central Tendency 109 / Distributions of Scores / Measures of Variability 113 / Summarizing Data Computer Analysis Using SPSS Generating Descriptive Statistics / Illustrating Descriptive Statistics Chapter Summary Key Terms Chapter Review Questions 6 Conducting an Experiment: General Principles Choosing a Methodology: The Practicalities of Research Determining the Causes of Behavior Trying to Determine Causation in Research / Requirements for Cause-Effect Relationships/ Internal and External Validity The Logic ofExperimental Manipulation Experimental Control Threats to Internal Validity / Lack of Control in Experimental Research: Extraneous Variables and Confounds Experimenter Effects Participant Effects The Hawthorne Effect Interaction Effects Between Experimenters and Participants 144 Biosocial and Psychosocial Effects 144 Realism in Research 144 Chapter Summary 145 Key Terms 146 Chapter Review Questions 146 7 Basic Inferential Statistics 149 Probability 150 Hypothesis Testing 151 Decisions in Statistical Hypothesis Testing 153 / Normal Distribution 156 / Sampling Distributions 157 / Single Sample z Test 162 / Steps in Hypothesis Testing 164 / Single Sample / Test 166 Computer A n alysis Using SPSS 171 Chapter Summary 173 Key Terms 173 Chapter Review Questions 174 8 Looking for Differences Between Two Treatments 177 Statistical Testing for Two Independent Groups 178 Stating the Hypothesis 179 / Significance Testing 180 / Confidence Intervals 185 Statistical Testing for Related and Repeated Measures 187 Stating the Hypothesis 187 / Significance Testing 188 / Confidence Intervals 190 / Advantages of Repeated Measures Designs 192 / Limitations of Repeated Measures Designs 195 Computer Analysis Using SPSS 196 Independent Samples t Test 196 / Related Samples t Test 197 Chapter Summary 199 Key Terms 200 Chapter Review Questions 200 9 Looking for Differences Among Multiple Treatments 203 Statistical Testing for Multiple Treatments 204 Statistical Testing for Multiple Groups 205 Stating the Hypothesis 205 / Significance Testing 207 / Post Hoc Analyses 214 / Effect Size 217 / Computer Analysis Using SPSS 217 Statistical Testing for Repeated Measures 220 Stating the Hypothesis 221 / Significance Testing 222 / Post Hoc Analyses 227 / Effect Size 227 / Computer Analysis Using SPSS 228 Chapter Summary 231 Key Terms 232 Chapter Review Questions 232 10 Multiple Independent Variables: Factorial Designs 235 Factorial ANOVA 236 Stating the Hypotheses 237 / Partitioning Variance 238 Calculating the Factorial ANOVA 239 TOTAL Variance 239 / TREATMENT Variance 240 / ERROR Variance 245 / F Statistics 247 / Determining Significance 248 / Post Hoc Analyses 250 / Effect Size 251 Computer Analysis Using SPSS 252 Chapter Summary 254 Key Terms 254 Chapter Review Questions 254 Part IV: Correlational and Nonexperimental Research 257 11 Principles of Survey Research 257 Surveys: Answering Diverse Questions 258 Census Versus Sample 259 / Accuracy of Survey Results 260 Anonymity and Confidentiality in Survey Research 261 Selecting Your Methodology 263 Question Types 264 / Question Content 264 Response Bias 270 Studying Sensitive Issues 271 / Social Desirability 272 / Acquiescence 273 / Satisficing Versus Optimizing 273 / Minimizing the Occurrence of Satisficing 275 Sampling Issues 275 Finding Hidden Populations 276 Chapter Summary 277 Key Terms 111 Chapter Review Questions 278 12 Correlation, Regression, and Non-Parametric Tests 281 Correlational Studies 282 Correlational Analyses 282 Traditional Correlation Tests 283 / Pearson's r 284 Regression 291 Multiple Regression 293 Chi-Square Goodness of Fit 295 Chi-Square Test of Independence 298 Strength of Association 300 Computer Analysis Using SPSS 301 Correlation 301 / Regression 302 / Chi-Square 302 Chapter Summary 306 Key Terms 306 Chapter Review Questions 307 13 Research in Depth: Longitudinal and Single-Case Studies 311 Longitudinal Research 312 Common Themes in Longitudinal Research 312 / Cross-Sectional Versus Longitudinal Research 313 Varieties of Longitudinal Research 314 Trend Studies 314 / Cohort Studies 316 / Cohort Sequential Studies 317 / Panel Studies 318 Issues in Longitudinal Designs 320 Retrospective and Prospective Studies 320 / Attrition 321 Single-Subject Experimentation 324 Experimental Analysis of Behavior 325 Methods of Single-Case Designs 325 Withdrawal Designs 325 / Single-Subject Randomized Controlled Trials 326 / Strengths of Single-Participant Designs 326 / Weaknesses of Single-Participant Designs 327 / Misunderstandings About Single-Case Research 327 Case Studies 328 A Case Study with Experimental Manipulations: Tasting Pointed Chickens and Seeing Colored Numbers 329 Chapter Summary 330 Key Terms 330 Chapter Review Questions 331 Part V: Culture and Research 333 14 People Are Different: Considering Cultural and Individual Differences in Research 333 Different Cultural Perspectives 335 What Is Culture? 335 Defining an Individual's Culture, Ethnicity, and Race 336 Criteria for Inclusion in a Group 337 / Social Issues and Cultural Research 338 Cross-Cultural Concepts in Psychology 339 Are Psychological Constructs Universal? 339 / Issues in Cross-Cultural Research 341 Is There a Biological Basis for Race? The Criteria for Race 342 / Current Biological Insights Regarding Race 343 / Historical Error 343 / Current Controversies Practical Issues in Cultural Research Lack of Appropriate Training Among Researchers Why the Concepts of Culture and Ethnicity Are Essential in Research Differences Due to Language and Thought Processes 346 / Differences in Simple and Complex Behaviors / Is Culture-Free Theory Really Free of Culture? / Similarities and Differences within the Same Culture Cultural Factors in Mental Health Research Content Validity 349 / Translation Problems / Cross-Cultural Norms 351 / Cross-Cultural Diagnoses Sex and Gender: Do Men and Women Come from Different Cultures? Stereotypes and Gender-Related Performance Chapter Summary Key Terms Chapter Review Questions Appendix A Writing a Research Report Appendix B Developing an Oral Presentation Appendix C Creating a Poster Appendix D Answers to Chapter Review Questions Appendix E Statistical Tables ER -