Livelihood diversities in mountain economy/ constraints and opportunities
Awasthi.I.C.
- 1st.ed.
- New Delhi: Concept Pub. Co, 2012.
- xxvi, 481 p
1. Features and Development Issues in Mountain Economies I. Introduction II. Development Trajectory of Mountain Economies III. Commonalities and Complementarities 1. Mountain Specificities ' 2. " Subsistence Agriculture and Food Deficits 3. Persistent Human Poverty 4. Exploitative Terms of Trade and Exploitative Linkage Relation 5. Gender Inequity and Drudgery 6. Environmental Degradation IV. Conclusion 2. Issues and Diversity of Development Experience of Indian Hill Economies I. Problems of Hill Economies II. Diversity and Development Problems 1. Demographic Profile 2. Social Development 3. Poverty Levels 4. Human Development Indicators 5. Consumption Expenditure 6. Growth Rates 7. Labour Force Participation Rates 8. Distribution of Main Workers 9. Growth of Employment 10. Incidence of Unemployment 11. Sectoral Composition of Plan Expenditure 12. Credit-Deposit Ratio 13. Diversity in Development Patterns III. Conclusion 3. Rural Employment in the Context of the Hill Economy : The Theoretical Framework and Empirical Evidences I. Theoretical Foundations and Empirical Evidences 1. Labour Transfer Model 2. Trade-Induced Development Argument 3. Industrialisation Strategy 4. Regional Growth Theory Argument 5. Agricultural Strategy 6. Rural Non-Farm Sector (i) Agriculture growth linkage hypothesis (ii) Prime movers outside agriculture hypothesis (iii) Residual hypothesis (iv) Limitations of existing literature in the context of hill economy II. Economic Characteristics of Uttarakhand III. Rural Non-farm Employment in Uttarakhand 1. Typology of Rural Non-farm Activities (i) Enterprise based activities (a) Natural resource-based enterprises (b) Livestock-based enterprises (c) Traditional skill-based enterprises (d) Tourism and amenities-based enterprises 2. Nature of Linkages IV. Need for the Study V. Objectives VI. Hypotheses VII. Methodology (i) Sampling (ii) Survey tools (iii) Analytical tools (iv) Models 4. Rural Non-Farm Sector Employment in Uttarakhand : Trends and Patterns I. Overview II. Pattern of Rural Employment in Uttarakhand 1. Labour Force Participation Rates 2. Work Participation Rates (i) National Sample Survey (ii) Workforce Participation Rate by Population Census (iii) NSS Evidences 3. Intensity of Subsidiary Employment 4. Growth in Employment Broad Sectoral Analysis 6. Trends in Employment Status 7. Unemployment Trends III. The Rural Non-farm Sector 1. Size of Rural Non-farm Employment in Uttarakhand 2. Growth of Non-farm Employment 3. Sectoral Composition of RNFE 4. The Growing Sub-sectors 5. Non-farm Informal Sector 6. The Rural Unorganised Manufacturing IV. Productivity and Income 1. Sectoral Composition of Income 2. Sectoral Pattern of Productivity 3. Wages V. Factors Determining Rural Non-farm Employment 1. Education and Skills 2. Land Size Classes and Rural Non-farm Employment (RNFE) Employment 3. Gender and Social Group 4. Institutional Support 5. Infrastructure VI. Conclusion 5. Socio-economic and Demographic Characteristics of Sample Households I. Introduction II. Social Features of the Sample Households (i) Principal occupation of heads of the household (ii) Women headed households (iii) Casual labour households (iv) Literacy rates III. Demographic Characteristics (i) Average size of households (ii) Working age population (iii) Aged population ' (iv) Migrants (v) Sex ratio (vi) Age structure of population (vii) Marital status IV. Economic Characteristics (i) Assets holding (ii) Other assets (iii) Average annual household and per capita income V. Conclusion 6. Employment and Livelihood Diversities I. Introduction II. Activity Status of Population (i) Labour force characteristics among sample population (ii) Labour force characteristics among non-migrants (iii) Labour force characteristics across spatial units and household levels (iv) Employment status of workers III. Structure of Employment at Disaggregated Levels and by Household Groups (i) Structure of employment (ii) Employment structure at spatial levels (iii) Employment structure by social class (iv) Employment structure by land size class (v) Educational status of workers (vi) Employment pattern among youth workers IV. Occupational Structure of Workforce (i) Occupational structure of migrant and non-migrant workers (ii) Occupational structure of non- migrant workers (iii) Occupational structure and household features (iv) Occupation and industrial distribution of workforce V. Employment Status of Workers VI. Multiplicity of Employment VII. Extent of Employment and Unemployment (i) Average days of employment (ii) Extent of unemployment VIII. Income and Earnings (i) Household income (ii) Wages IX. Conclusion Pattern of Non-Farm Employment and Rural Enterprise.s I. Non-Iarni Employment and Incomes : The Size and Share II. Pattern of Non-farm Employment III. Sectoral Composition of Non-farm Employment by Industry (i) Non-farm employment by social category IV. Non-farm Employment by Occupation V. Non-farm Employment by Household Features VI. Non-farm Employment by Educational Levels VII. Determinants of Non-farm Employment (i) The Logit model VIII. Sources of Income (i) Sources of income by social category and status of blocks (ii) Determinants of household income IX. The Heterogeneity in the Non-farm sector (i) Casual wage workers (ii) Regular wage/salaried workers X. Rural Enterprises (i) Composition of enterprises ° (ii) Nature of operation (iii) Location of enterprises / (iv) Employment (v) Education and skill levels (vi) Access to credit (vii) Linkages (a) Input linkages (b) Output linkages (viii) Capital use XI. What Ails these Enterprises? (i) Structural constraints (ii) Supply side related constraints (iii) Demand side related constraints XII. Conclusion 8. Migration Patterns and Linkages 1. Introduction II. Typology of Migration III. Migrating Households and Household Features IV. Magnitude of Out-Migration (i) The Lx>git model V. Characteristics of Migrant Workers (i) Age-profile (ii) Educational status (iii) Present activity status of migrants (iv) Status of employment and occupation of migrants (v) Mean earnings (vi) Remittance (vii) Frequency of remittance (viii) Contribution to household income (ix) Year of migration (x) Frequency of visit VI. Reasons of Migration VII. Uses of Remittances VIII.Linkag es (i) Labour market links '(ii) Remittance links (iii) Communication links IX. Conclusion 9. Summary and Conclusions and Policy Imperatives I. Diversity in Mountain Economies II. Uttarakhand Hill Region—Case of Underdeveloped Region (i) Employment, labour market features and economy (ii) Household characteristics—field enquiry (iii) Employment, unemployment and earnings (iv) Non-farm employment and rural enterprise; (v) Migration patterns and linkages III. Policy Implications (i) Diversification strategy (ii) Migration- a livelihood option (iii) Development of appropriate educational and skill structure (iv) Micro-enterprises and its linkages