Immunology and Immunotechnology

1. Immunology: History and Significance
'Cellular' Immunity Versus Humoral Immunity
Ehrlich's Hypothesis
Other Important Findings
Anaphylaxis
Transplantation and Tolerance
Immunoglobulins
Overview of Immunity
Scope of Immunology
2. The Immune System
Development of the Immune System
Primary Lymphoid Organs
Secondary Lymphoid Organs
3. Immunoreactive Cells and Receptors
Lymphocytes
Uniqueness of Lymphocytes and Clonal Selection Theory
4. Cytokines and Regulation
General Characteristics of Cytokines
Cytokine Types
Molecular Mechanism of Regulations
Defects in Cytokine Receptors and Diseases
Biological Activities of Cytokines
Cytokine Secretion by Helper T Cell Subsets
Proinflammatory Cytokines
Chemokine Family
Participation of Cytokines in Inflammatory Response
Cytokine Diseases and Therapies
5. Antibody Synthesis and B Cell Activation
Antibody Responses
Cell Interactions in Antibody Response
B Cell Activation
Synthesis and Secretion of Immunoglobulins
6. Immunoglobulin Molecules
Structure of an Immunoglobulin Molecule: IgC Molecule
Immunoglobulin Classes
Immunoglobulin Subclasses
Immunoglobulin Types
Immunoglobulin Superfamily
8 Contents
7. Immunoglobulin and T cell Receptor Genes
Immvinoglobulin Genes
Multigene Family and Assembly of TCR Genes by V-D-J Joining
8. Antigens
Factors Responsible for Immunogenicity
Antigenic Determinants (Epitopes)
Adjuvant
Superantigens
9. Antigen-Antibody Reaction and Diagnostic Procedures
Molecular Mechanism of Antigen-Antibody Binding
Precipitation Reactions
Immunoelectrophoresis
Agglutination
Radioimmimoassay
Immunofluorescence
Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay
Western Blotting for Identifying Protein and Antibody
Ferritin-conjugated Antibodies for Electron Microscopy
Ammonium Sulphate Precipitation of Ag-Ab Complex
10. Complement
Complement Components
Complement Activation
Regulation of Complement Activation
Complement and Inflammation
Complement Deficiencies
11. Major Histocompatibility Complex
Histocompatibility Genes
Genomic Map of H-2 Complex in the Mouse
Minor Histocompatibility Loci
HLA Complex in Humans
MHC in Different Species
Structure of MHC Molecules
MHC-Peptide Interaction
Expression of MHC Molecules on Different Cell Types
Transcriptional Regulation of MHC Expression
MHC Molecules and Graft Rejection
Why Does MHC Exist in a Cluster?
Biological Significance of MHC
HLA-Disease Association
HLA Typing (Tissue Typing)
12. Cell-mediated Response and Transplantation
Types of Cell-mediated Immune Responses
T Cell Activation
CTL-mediated Cytotoxicity
Natural Killer Cell-mediated Cytotoxicity
Transplantation Immunology
Blood Transfusion
13. Cancer and Immune Responses
Characteristics of Tumours and Cancer Cells
Cancer Induction and Oncogenes
Immune Responses to Tumours
Escape Mechanisms of Tumour
Immunotherapy for Cancer
Conclusion
14. Hypersensitivity
Types of Hypersensitivity
Type I—IgE-mediated Hypersensitivity
Type II—Cytotoxic-type Hypersensitivity
Type III Immune Complex-mediated Hypersensitivity
Type IV—Delayed-type Hypersensihvity
15. Tolerance and Autoimmunity
Tolerance
Mechanism of Self-tolerance
Termination of Tolerance
Autoimmunity
16. Immunodeficiency and AIDS
Primary Immunodeficiency
Secondary or Acquired Immunodeficiencies
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Hallmark of HIV Infection: Reduction in Number of CD4'^ T Cells
17. Immunity to Pathogens and Vaccines
Physical Barriers to Pathogens
Viral Infections
Immunity to Bacterial Infection
Immunity to Fungi
Immunity to Parasites
Vaccination
18. Techniques used in Immunotechnology
Haemagglutination Titre and Assay for Antibody-secreting Cells
Separation and Identificanon of Protein or Antigen
Hybridoma Technology: Monoclonal Antibodies
Antibody Engineering
Gene Transfer Technology
SCID Mice and SCID-humai Mice
Bone Marrow Transplantation
Tissue Culture
Other Techniques Contributing to Immunotechnology