Principles and practice of behavioral assessment/ Haynes, Stephen N., William hayes O`Brien

1. Background, Characteristics, and History
Introduction to Psychological Assessment
Psychological Assessment and Measurement
Assessment and Clinical Judgments
Integrated Psychological Assessment Data for Clinical Judgment—
The Behavioral Case Formulation and Functional Analysis
Suirunary
Psychological Assessment Paradigms
Paradigms as Guides to Psychological Assessment
The Characteristics of the Behavioral Assessment Paradigm
Overlap among and Diversity within Psychological Assessment Paradigms
Sources of Influence and a Brief History of Behavioral Assessment
Multiple Sources of Influence across Several Decades
An Historical Emphasis on Functional Relations
Epistemology and Methods of Assessment
Summary
Suggested Readings
2. Current Status and Applications
Introduction
The Current Status of Behavioral Assessment
Behavioral Assessment Methods in Treatment Outcome Studies
Circulation of Behavioral Journals and Behavioral Articles in General
Interest Journals
Behaviorally Oriented Professional Organizations
The Behavioral Assessment Paradigm in Training Programs
The Behavioral Assessment Paradigm in Clinical Practice
Summary of Applications and Cost-Efficiency Considerations
The Applicability and Utility of Behavioral Assessment
Applicability to Clinical Populations
Applicability to Behavior Problems and Therapy Goals
Applicability to Settings
Applicability to Applied and Basic Research
Caveats
Summary
Summary
Suggested Readings
3. Functional Psychological Assessment and Clinical Judgment
Introduction
Behavioral Assessment as Functional Psychological Assessment
Summary
Clinical Judgments and the Role of Behavioral Assessment
Clinical Judgments
Research on Clinical Judgment in Behavior Therapy
Biases and Errors in Clinical Judgment
Oversimplification Strategies and Clinical Judgments
Increasing the Validity of Clinical Judgments
Quantitative Aids to Clinical Judgment
Summary
Suggested Readings
4. Goals
Introduction
An Overview of the Goals of Behavioral Assessment
Specific Goals of Behavioral Assessment
The Supraordinate Goal of Behavioral Assessment. To Increase
the Validity of Clinical Judgments
The Selection of an Assessment Strategy
Determining the Need for Assessment Consultation and Referral
The Development of a Clinical Case Formulation
The Design of Intervention Programs
The Evaluation of Intervention Process and Outcome
Monitoring Client Adherence, Cooperation, and Satisfaction During
Intervention
Additional Assessment Goals
Psychiatric Diagnosis
Client Informed Consent
The Assessment of Additional Client Variables
The Client's Social Environment
Important Life Events
Summary
Suggested Readings
n. Conceptual and Methodological Foundations of Behavioral
Assessment
5. Scholarly, Hypothesis-Testing, and Time-Series Assessment
Strategies
Introduction
A Scholarly, Empirical, Hypothesis-Testing Approach to Assessment
The Design of an Assessment Strategy
Assessor Knowledge and Communication of Empirical Literature
A Cautious Hypothesis-Testing, Problem-Solving Approach to Assessment
and Clinical Judgment
An Emphasis on Quantification
Time-Series Measurement and Space-Phase Functions
Introduction to a Time-Series Measurement Strategy in Psychological
Assessment
Phase-Space Functions and Time-Series Measurement
Cautions About an Exclusive Emphasis on Empiricism and Quantification in
Behavioral Assessment
Summary and Suggestion for Modeling a Scholarly Approach to
Psychological Assessment
Selected Readings
6. Idiographic and Nomothetic Assessment
Introduction
Nomothetic Assessment
Idiographic Assessment
Definition and Characteristics
Bases for Clinical Judgments
Applications to Clinical Assessment
Goal Attainment Scaling
Advantages and Disadvantages
Psychometric Considerations
Methods of Idiographic Assessment: Integrating Idiographic and Nomothetic
Strategies
Integrating Idiographic and Nomothetic Measures
Principles of Idiographic Assessment
Summary
Suggested Readings
7. Specificity of Variables
Introduction
Specificity in Psychological Assessment
Types of Specificity
Characteristics of Specific and Nonspecific Assessment
A Functional Approach to Determining the Best Specificity
Degrees of Specificity and Inferential Errors
Specificity in Behavioral Assessment
Approaching the Best Degrees of Specificity in Behavioral Assessment .
Summary
Suggested Readings
8. Assumptions About the Nature of Behavior Problems
Introduction
The Complex Nature of Client Behavior Problems
Clients Often Have Multiple Behavior Problems
Behavior Problems Have Multiple Response Modes
Behavior Problems Have Multiple Dimensions
The Conditional and Dynamic Nature of Behavior Problems
The Conditional Nature of Behavior Problems
The Dynamic Nature of Behavior Problems
Summary
Suggested Readings
9. Basic Concepts of Causation
Introduction
Differing Concepts of Causal and Functional Relations
Causal vs. Functional Relations
Conditions Required for Inferring a Causal Relation
The Limitations on Causal Inferences
Inferences About Causal Relations Are Subjective and Hypothesized ..
Causal Relations Have a Limited Domain
Causal Relations Can Be Expressed at Different Levels of Specificity
Causal Relations Are Dynamic
Causal Relations Are Not Exclusionary
Causal Variables and Paths Differ across Persons
Causal Relations Can Be Nonlinear
Summary
Suggested Readings
10. Concepts of Causation in the Behavioral Assessment
Paradigm
Introduction
Causal Relations and Variables in the Behavioral Assessment Paradigm .
Causal Variables Have Multiple Attributes
Multivariate Causality
Causal Mediators and Multiple Causal Paths
Interactive and Additive Causality
Types of Causal Variables Emphasized in the Behavioral Assessment
Paradigm
Contemporaneous Environmental Causality and Reciprocal Causation
Contemporaneous Causal Variables
Situations, Contextual and Setting Events, and Systems Factors as Causal
Variables
Degree of Change of a Variable Can Have Causal Properties
Phase-Space Functions
Implications for Psychological Assessment
Detecting Causal Relations in Clinical Assessment
Strategies for Detecting Causal Relations
The Focus of Assessment
A Scholarly Approach to Clinical Judgments
Summary
Suggested Readings
11. Psychometric Foundations of Behavioral Assessment
Introduction
Psychometrics and Measurement
Dimensions of Psychometric Evaluation
The Integrative, Conditional, and Dynamic Nature of Validation
Validity Is Estimated from Multiple Evaluations
Validity Inferences Are Conditional
Validity Inferences Are Unstable
Summary and Implications
The Applicability of Psychometric Principles to Behavioral Assessment
Level of Inference and Measures as Behavior Samples or Signs of Higher-
Order Constructs
Idiographic Assessment Strategies: An Emphasis on Accuracy and Content
Validity
Person x Situation Interactions and Reliability Estimates
Aggregated (Composite) Measures and Estimates of Temporal Stability
and Internal Consistency
Clinical Unity
Content Validation in Behavioral Assessment
Concepts and Elements of Content Validity
Methods of Initial Instrument Development and Content Validation
Summary
Suggested Readings
III. Observation and Inference
12. Principles and Strategies of Behavioral Observation
Introduction
Caveats
Assumptions in Behavioral Observation Strategies
Common Functions of Behavioral Observation
Operationalizing and Quantifying Target Behaviors
Generating Operational Definitions of Causal Variables and Relations ....
Identifying Functional Relations
Elements of Behavioral Observation Methods
Sampling Strategies
Types of Observers
Observation Settings
Summary of Common Elements and Differentiating Elements
Applications of Behavioral Observation
Data Collection and Reduction
Evaluation of Observation Data
Graphing and Intuitive Evaluation
Statistical Evaluation of Functional Relations
Psychometric Considerations
Summary
Suggested Readings
13. Clinical Case Formulation
Introduction •
Preintervention Assessment and the Design of Individualized Intervention
Programs
Clinical Case Formulation
A Problem-Solving Approach to Case Formulation
Cognitive Behavioral Case Formulation
Dialectical Behavior Therapy Clinical Case Formulation
Common Features
The Functional Analysis
Definition
Components
Additional Characteristics
Methods of Derivation •
Issues of Validity and the Utility of the Functional Analysis
Functional Analytic Clinical Case Models
Introduction and Illustration ; • ""!'"
Estimating the Magnitude of Treatment Foci: The Elements of a FACCM
Limitations of FACCMs
Summary
Suggested Readings
Glossary