Essentials of social statistics for a diverse society/ Anna Y. Leon-Guerrero, Chava Frankfort-Nachmias

CHAPTER 1: The What and the Why of Statistics The Research Process Asking Research Questions The Role of Theory Formulating the Hypotheses Collecting Data A Cautionary Note: Measurement Error Analyzing Data and Evaluating the Hypotheses Looking at Social Differences

CHAPTER 2: The Organization and Graphic Presentation of Data Frequency Distributions Proportions and Percentages Percentage Distributions Comparisons Statistics in Practice: Labor Force Participation Among Foreign Born The Construction of Frequency Distributions Cumulative Distributions Rates Statistics in Practice: Civilian Labor Force Participation Rates Over Time Reading the Research Literature: Statistical Tables The Pie Chart: Race and Ethnicity of the Elderly The Bar Graph: Marital Status of the Elderly The Histogram Statistics in Practice: Gender and Age The Line Graph Time-Series Charts A Cautionary Note: Distortions in Graphs Statistics in Practice: The Graphic Presentation of Education

CHAPTER 3: Measures of Central Tendency The Mode The Median Statistics in Practice: Gendered Income Inequality The Mean Finding the Mean in a Frequency Distribution The Shape of the Distribution: Television, Education, and Siblings Considerations for Choosing a Measure of Central Tendency A Cautionary Note: Representing Income

CHAPTER 4: Measures of Variability The Importance of Measuring Variability The Range The Interquartile Range: Increases in Elderly Population The Variance and the Standard Deviation: Changes in the Elderly Populations Considerations for Choosing a Measure of Variation Reading the Research Literature: Differences in College Aspirations and Expectations Among

CHAPTER 5: The Normal Distribution Properties of the Normal Distribution Standard (Z) Scores The Standard Normal Distribution The Standard Normal Table Transforming Proportions (or Percentages) Into Z ScoresCHAPTER 6: Sampling and Sampling Distributions The Concept of the Sampling Distribution The Sampling Distribution of the Mean The Central Limit Theorem Statistics in Practice: The Central Limit Theorem

CHAPTER 7: Estimation Estimation Defined Procedures for Estimating Confidence Intervals for Means Confidence Intervals for Proportions Statistics in Practice: The 2012 Benghazi Terrorist Attack Investigation A Cautionary Note: The Margin of Error

CHAPTER 8: Testing Hypotheses Assumptions of Statistical Hypothesis Testing Stating the Research and Null Hypotheses Determining What Is Sufficiently Improbable: Probability Values and Alpha The Five Steps in Hypothesis Testing: A Summary Errors in Hypothesis Testing Statistics in Practice: The Earnings of White Women Testing Hypotheses About Two Samples The Sampling Distribution of the Difference Between Means Population Variances Are Assumed to Be Unequal The Five Steps in Hypothesis Testing About Difference Between Means: A Summary Focus on Interpretation: Cigarette Use Among Teens Testing the Significance of the Difference Between Two Sample Proportions Statistics in Practice: Comparing First- and Second-Generation Hispanic Americans Is There a Significant Difference? Reading the Research Literature: Reporting the Results of Statistical Hypothesis Testing

CHAPTER 9: Bivariate Tables Independent and Dependent Variables How to Construct a Bivariate Table: Race and Home Ownership How to Compute Percentages in a Bivariate Table How to Deal With Ambiguous Relationships Between Variables Reading the Research Literature: Place of Death in America The Properties of a Bivariate Relationship Elaboration The Concept of Chi-Square as a Statistical Test The Concept of Statistical Independence The Structure of Hypothesis Testing With Chi-Square Sample Size and Statistical Significance for Chi-Square Focus on Interpretation: Education and Health Assessment Proportional Reduction of Error: A Brief Introduction What Is Strong? What Is Weak? A Guide to Interpretation Lambda: A Measure of Association for Nominal Variables Cramer's V: A Chi-Square-Related Measure of Association for Nominal Variables Focus on Interpretation: Gamma and Kendall's Tau-b Using Ordinal Measures With Dichotomous Variables Focus on Interpretation: The Gender Gap in Gun Control

CHAPTER 10: Analysis of Variance Understanding Analysis of Variance The Structure of Hypothesis Testing With ANOVA The Five Steps in Hypothesis Testing: A Summary Assessing the Relationship Between Variables Focus on Interpretation: Are Immigrants Good for America's Economy? Reading the Research Literature: Stresses and Strains Among Grandmother Caregivers

CHAPTER 11: Regression and Correlation The Scatter Diagram Linear Relations and Prediction Rules Statistics in Practice: Median Household Income and Criminal Behavior Methods for Assessing the Accuracy of Predictions Statistics in Practice: Teen Pregnancy and Social Inequality Focus on Interpretation: The Marriage Penalty in Earnings A Cautionary Note: Spurious Correlations and Confounding Effects
Appendix A. The Standard Normal Table
Appendix B. Distribution of t
Appendix C. Distribution of Chi-Square
Appendix D. Distribution of F
Appendix E. A Basic Math Review
Learning Check Solutions
Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises
Glossary