Comprehensive biotechnology Vol. 4/ principles and practices in industry agriculture medicine and the environment Moo-Young,Murray

4.01. Introduction

4.02. Plant Biotechnology and GMOs

Glossary

4.02.1. Introduction

4.02.2. The Need for New Agricultural Crops

4.02.3. The Answer to Twentieth-Century Food Production Problems

4.02.4. The Adoption of GM Crops

4.02.5. The Second Generation of GM Crops

4.02.6. The Future of Agricultural Biotechnology

4.03. Bioactivity of Herbicides

Glossary

4.03.1. Introduction

4.03.2. Biochemical Pathways and Physiological Processes Involved with Photosynthesis

4.03.3. Formation of Biological Building Blocks and Their Assembly into Biopolymers

4.03.4. Other Modes of Action

4.03.5. Parting Comments

4.04. Starch Biosynthesis in Higher Plants

Glossary

4.04.1. Introduction

4.04.2. Overview of Starch Structure

4.04.3. Granule Initiation

4.04.4. Control of Starch Granule Size

4.04.5. Starches with Improved Functionalities

4.04.6. Amylose-Free Starches

4.04.7. High-Amylose Starches

4.04.8. Prospects for Altering Amylopectin Structure

4.04.9. Other Functional Properties

4.05. Starch Biosynthesis in Higher Plants

Glossary

4.05.1. Introduction

4.05.2. Origins

4.05.3. The Pathway of Starch Biosynthesis

4.05.4. The Formation of ADP-glucose by ADP-glucose Pyrophosphorylase

4.05.5. Glucan Chain Formation by Starch Synthases

4.05.6. Amylose Biosynthesis

4.05.7. Amylopectin Biosynthesis

4.05.8. Starch Synthase I

4.05.9. Starch Synthase II

4.05.10. Starch Synthase III

4.05.11. Starch Synthase IV

4.05.12. Branching of the Glucan Chain

4.05.13. The Role of Debranching Enzymes in Amylopectin Synthesis

4.05.14. Other Enzymes Implicated in the Pathway of Starch Biosynthesis

4.05.15. Coordination of Enzyme Activities during Starch Granule Synthesis

4.05.16. Starch Granule Proteins

4.05.17. Summary and Future Prospects

4.06. Metabolic Engineering of Higher Plants to Produce Bio-Industrial Oils

Glossary

Acknowledgments

4.06.1. Introduction

4.06.2. Plant Storage Lipids

4.06.3. Industrial Uses of Plant Oils

4.06.4. Seed Oil Biosynthesis

4.06.5. Oils for Biodiesel Production

4.06.6. High-Oleic Acid Oils

4.06.7. Oils Enriched in VLCFAs

4.06.8. Oils for the Detergent Industry

4.06.9. Increasing Functionality: FA Modification in Membrane Lipids

4.06.10. Increasing Seed Oil Content and Producing Oil in Vegetative Tissue

4.06.11. Platform Crops for Industrial Oil Production

4.06.12. Potential for Wax-Based Industrial Lipids

4.06.13. Closing Comments

4.07. Biodiesel – An Integrated Approach for a Highly Efficient Biofuel

Glossary

4.07.1. Overview of the Need and Potential

4.07.2. Biodiesel Feedstocks

4.07.3. Genetic Improvement of Feedstock Crop Plants

4.07.4. Low-Input Production Systems for Feedstock Crops

4.07.5. Conversion of Oils to Biodiesel

4.07.6. Pyrolysis – An Alternative

4.07.7. Fuel Quality and Use in Engines

4.07.8. Conclusions

4.08. Matching Crops for Selected Bioproducts

Glossary

4.08.1. Introduction

4.08.2. Biopolymers and Biofiber Composites

4.08.3. Manufacturing Bioproducts

4.08.4. Applications of Bioproducts

4.08.5. Recent Developments and Concluding Remarks

4.08.6. Acknowledgments

4.09. Nanotechnologies for Agricultural Bioproducts

Glossary

4.09.1. Introduction

4.09.2. Agricultural Bioproducts

4.09.3. Nanotechnologies for Agricultural Bioproducts

4.09.4. Potential Applications and Future Prospects

4.09.5. Conclusions

4.10. Transgenic Crops with Producer-Oriented Traits

Glossary

4.10.1. Introduction

4.10.2. Case Study 1 – Herbicide-Tolerant Crops: Roundup Ready Soybean

4.10.3. Case Study 2 – Insect-Tolerant Crops: Bt Maize

4.10.4. Case Study 3 – Virus-Tolerant Crops: Papaya

4.10.5. Case Study 4 – Hybridization Systems: Canola

4.10.6. The Role of Biotechnology in Future Crop Improvement: The Next Wave

4.11. Plant Genetic Techniques

Glossary

4.11.1. Introduction

4.11.2. Doubled Haploids

4.11.3. Molecular Markers

4.11.4. Quantitative Trait Loci

4.11.5. Strengths and Weaknesses of LD Mapping

4.11.6. Marker-Assisted Breeding

4.11.7. Conclusions and Perspectives on Using DH and Molecular Markers in Plant Breeding

4.12. Plant Bioinformatics and Microarray Technologies

Glossary

4.12.1. Introduction

4.12.2. Transcriptional Profiling with a Focus on Microarrays

4.12.3. Identifying Differentially Expressed Genes across Treatments

4.12.4. Identifying Shared Patterns among Genes and Samples

4.12.5. Conclusion and Future Directions

4.13. Increasing Photosynthesis/RuBisCO and CO2-Concentrating Mechanisms

Glossary

Acknowledgments

4.13.1. Introduction

4.13.2. Improvement of RuBisCO’s Enzymatic Properties

4.13.3. Engineering Regulation of RuBisCO Activation

4.13.4. Increasing CO2 Concentration in the Vicinity of RuBisCO

4.13.5. Conclusions

4.14. Photosynthesis and Productivity of Vascular Plants in Controlled and Field Environments

Glossary

4.14.1. Introduction

4.14.2. Leaf Source Strength

4.14.3. Whole-Plant Traits Relating to Source and Sink Strength

4.14.4. Optimizing Photosynthesis and Productivity in Controlled and Field Environments

4.14.5. Conclusions

4.15. Roles of Dark Respiration in Plant Growth and Productivity

Glossary

4.15.1. Introduction

4.15.2. Genetic Modification of Glycolytic Enzymes

4.15.3. Genetic Modification of OPPP Enzymes

4.15.4. Genetic Modification of TCA Cycle Enzymes

4.15.5. Genetic Modification of Aerobic Respiratory Pathway Enzymes

4.15.6. Genetic Modification of Anaerobic Respiratory Enzymes

4.15.7. Conclusion

4.16. Improving Plant Nitrogen-Use Efficiency

Glossary

4.16.1. Introduction

4.16.2. What Is NUE?

4.16.3. Agronomic Approaches for Improving NUE

4.16.4. Transgenic Efforts to Improve NUE

4.16.5. Quantitative Trait Loci Mapping to Find New Targets for Manipulation

4.16.6. Improving NUE: A Systems Biology Approach

4.16.7. Global Status of NUE

4.17. Circadian Clocks/Photoperiodism and Crop Quality

Glossary

4.17.1. Introduction and Scope

4.17.2. Introduction to Biological Rhythms and the Plant Circadian Clock

4.17.3. The Genetic and Molecular Nature of the Plant Circadian Clock in the Model Plant Species A. thaliana

4.17.4. Plant Processes Regulated by the Circadian Clock

4.17.5. Adaptive Significance of Plant Circadian Rhythms

4.17.6. Photoperiodism and the Plant Circadian Clock

4.17.7. Manipulation of Photoperiod-Sensitive Reproductive and Vegetative Organ Initiation in Crop Plants

4.17.8. Abiotic and Biotic Stress Tolerance and the Plant Circadian Clock

4.17.9. Photosynthetic Carbon Metabolism

4.17.10. Nitrogen Acquisition and Assimilation

4.17.11. Conclusions

4.18. Breadfruit

Glossary

4.18.1. Introduction: Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis)

4.18.2. Traditional Propagation of Breadfruit

4.18.3. Advantages of Micropropagation of Breadfruit

4.18.4. Micropropagation and Bioreactor Production of Breadfruit

4.18.5. Conclusions

4.19. Wines

Glossary

4.19.1. Introduction

4.19.2. Grape Cultivars

4.19.3. Grape-Growing Regions of the World

4.19.4. Grape and Wine Genomics

4.19.5. Genetically Modified Yeasts for Wine Production

4.19.6. GMO Grapevines and Fermentation Organisms in Grape and Wine Production

4.20. Sulfur Metabolism in Plants and Related Biotechnologies

Glossary

4.20.1. Introduction

4.20.2. Sulfur Metabolism

4.20.3. Sulfur-Containing Secondary Metabolite in Plants/Microbes and Their Importance/Role

4.20.4. Biotechnology Based on Sulfur Metabolism

4.20.5. Conclusion and Future Challenges

4.21. Emerging Roles for Plant Terpenoids

Glossary

4.21.1. Introduction to Plant Terpenoids and Scope

4.21.2. Carotenoids and Apocarotenoid Products

4.21.3. Isoprene Emission

4.21.4. Menthol

4.21.5. Taxol

4.21.6. Iridoid Glycosides

4.21.7. Conclusions

4.22. Antibody Production in planta

Glossary

4.22.1. Introduction

4.22.2. Antibody Expression in planta

4.22.3. Purification of Plant-Derived Antibodies

4.22.4. Applications of Plant-Derived Antibodies

4.22.5. Conclusion

4.23. Microalgae as Bioreactors for Production of Pharmaceutical Proteins

Glossary

Acknowledgment

4.23.1. Introduction

4.23.2. C. reinhardtii as Protein Expression Platforms

4.23.3. Pharmaceutically Relevant Proteins Produced in Transplastomic C. reinhardtii

4.23.4. Chlamydomonas Chloroplast Expression Systems and Strategies to Increase Recombinant Protein Expression

4.23.5. Conclusions

4.24. Algal Chemostats

Glossary

4.24.1. Introduction

4.24.2. Chemostat Design

4.24.3. Limiting Nutrients

4.24.4. Multiple-Organism Studies

4.24.5. Product Technology Using Chemostats

4.24.6. Toxin Studies Using Chemostats

4.24.7. Chemostats in Algal Symbiont Studies

4.24.8. Ecostats

4.25. Improvement of Ginseng by In Vitro Culture

Glossary

Acknowledgment

4.25.1. Introduction

4.25.2. Plant Growth Characteristics

4.25.3. Micropropagation

4.25.4. In Vitro Growth Requirements of Panax Species

4.25.5. Summary and Conclusions

4.26. Can Plants Really Improve Indoor Air Quality?

Glossary

4.26.1. Introduction

4.26.2. Phytoremediation in the Indoor Environment

4.26.3. Gas Exchange between the PPM and Its Surroundings

4.26.4. Effluent Quality

4.26.5. Conclusions

4.27. Regulating the Ripening Process

Glossary

4.27.1. Introduction

4.27.2. Model Systems for Fruit Development

4.27.3. Ethylene Synthesis and Fruit Ripening

4.27.4. Ethylene Perception and Fruit Ripening

4.27.5. Cell-Wall Metabolism and Fruit Ripening

4.27.6. The Role of Light in Fruit Ripening

4.27.7. Insights into Developmental Control from Ripening Mutants

4.27.8. Future Directions

4.28. Pre- and Postharvest Treatments Affecting Nutritional Quality

Glossary

4.28.1. Introduction

4.28.2. Inhibition of Ethylene Biosynthesis

4.28.3. Inhibition of Ethylene Action

4.28.4. Phospholipase D Inhibition Technologies

4.28.5. Effects of Pre- and Postharvest Treatments on Firmness

4.28.6. Effects of Pre- and Postharvest Treatments on Color and Phenolics

4.28.7. Effects of Pre- and Postharvest Treatments on Antioxidant Levels

4.28.8. Effects of Pre- and Postharvest Treatments on Aroma

4.29. Embryo Genomics State of the Art

Glossary

4.29.1. Introduction

4.29.2. Decoding the Genome of Livestock

4.29.3. The Rise of Omics

4.29.4. The Single Gene Phenotypes

4.29.5. Applications in Animal Biotechnology

4.29.6. The Necessary Link between Reproductive Biology and the Exploitation of the Genetic Information

4.29.7. The Emerging Role of Epigenetics

4.29.8. The DNA-Based Tools for the Study of Gene Expression

4.29.9. Microarray versus Deep Sequencing

4.29.10. Conclusion

4.30. Aquaculture Genomics

Glossary

4.30.1. Introduction

4.30.2. Required Resources for the Whole Genome Sequence Assembly

4.30.3. Required Resources for the Whole Genome Sequence Annotation

4.30.4. Whole Genome Sequencing

4.30.5. Aquaculture Genomics and Performance Traits

4.31. Epigenetics and Animal Health

Glossary

4.31.1. Introduction and Scope

4.31.2. Epigenetic Mechanisms Regulating Gene Activity

4.31.3. Epigenetic Regulation of the NEI

4.31.4. Environmental Quos That Contribute to the Epigenetic Programming of Genes Associated with Disease

4.31.5. Molecular Approaches to Studying Epigenetics

4.31.6. Conclusion

4.32. Quest for Novel Muscle Pathway Biomarkers by Proteomics in Beef Production

Glossary

4.32.1. Introduction and Scope

4.32.2. New Insights in to Muscle Biology

4.32.3. Identification of Markers of Beef Tenderness

4.32.4. Conclusion

4.33. From Stem Cell to Gamete

Glossary

4.33.1. Introduction

4.33.2. Oogenesis In Vivo

4.33.3. In Vitro Germ Cell Development from Stem Cells

4.33.4. Potential Applications of In Vitro-Generated Female Gametes

4.34. Stem Cells and Animal Therapies

Glossary

4.34.1. Introduction

4.34.2. Stem Cell Therapies in Domestic Species

4.34.3. Summary and Perspectives

4.34.4. Conclusion

4.35. Flow Cytometric Sorting of Mammalian Sperm for Predetermination of Sex

Glossary

4.35.1. Introduction

4.35.2. Sex Preselection

4.35.3. Flow Cytometric Sorting of Sperm

4.35.4. Delivery of Sexed Sperm

4.35.5. Sorting of Frozen–Thawed Sperm

4.35.6. Concluding Remarks

4.36. Animal Cloning

Glossary

4.36.1. Introduction

4.36.2. Technical Aspects of Animal Cloning by NT

4.36.3. Cloning Applications

4.36.4. Problems of SCNT Cloning

4.36.5. Nuclear Reprogramming in SCNT Embryos

4.36.6. Gene Expression in SCNT Cloned Embryos

4.36.7. Effects of Cell Cycle Coordination on SCNT Cloning

4.36.8. Effect of Cell Differentiation on SCNT Cloning

4.36.9. Alternatives to Facilitate Nuclear Reprogramming in SCNT Embryos

4.36.10. Concluding Remarks

4.37. Transgenesis

Glossary

4.37.1. Introduction

4.37.2. SCNT: Current Methodology for Transgenic Animal Production

4.37.3. Emerging Transgenic Technologies

4.37.4. Applications of Transgenic Domestic Animals

4.37.5. Health and Welfare of Transgenic Farm Animals

4.37.6. Safety Aspects and Outlook

4.38. Arrest or Survive

Glossary

4.38.1. Introduction

4.38.2. Survival of the Early Embryo

4.38.3. Factors Involved in Embryo Loss

4.38.4. Why Does an Embryo Arrest?

4.38.5. Metabolomic Signatures: Markers for Embryo Health

4.39. Heat Stress and Climate Change

Glossary

4.39.1. Introduction – the Impact of Heat Stress on Animal Production

4.39.2. Homeothermy

4.39.3. Use of Biotechnology to Enhance Genetic Thermotolerance

4.39.4. Uses of Biotechnology to Facilitate Physiological Manipulation to Counteract Effects of Heat Stress

4.39.5. Final Perspective

4.40. Analytical Methods – Functional Foods and Dietary Supplements

Glossary

4.40.1. Introduction

4.40.2. Bioactive Compounds Used in Functional Foods and Dietary Supplements

4.40.3. Phenolic Compounds

4.40.4. Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA)

4.40.5. Carotenoids

4.40.6. Phytosterols

4.40.7. Coenzyme Q10

4.40.8. Vitamins

4.40.9. Glucosamine

4.40.10. Chondroitin Sulfate

4.40.11. Dietary Fiber

4.40.12. Selected Botanicals

4.40.13. Conclusions

4.41. Plant Derived Bioactives

Glossary

4.41.1. Introduction

4.41.2. Indigestible Carbohydrates

4.41.3. Essential Fatty Acids

4.41.4. Proteins and Peptides

4.41.5. Polyphenolic Compounds

4.41.6. Carotenoids

4.41.7. Conclusions

4.42. Functional Properties of Dietary Fiber

Glossary

4.42.1. Introduction

4.42.2. Sources and Chemistry of Dietary Fiber

4.42.3. Physiological Properties of Dietary Fiber

4.42.4. Functional Properties of Dietary Fiber

4.42.5. Applications of Dietary Fibers in Food Products

4.42.6. Conclusions

4.43. Resistant Starches in Foods

Glossary

4.43.1. Introduction

4.43.2. Definition and Classification of RS

4.43.3. Strategies for the Enhancement of RS

4.43.4. Determination of RS

4.43.5. Future Directions

4.44. Plant Sterols

Glossary

4.44.1. Introduction

4.44.2. Occurrence and Structure

4.44.3. Metabolism of Plant Sterols

4.44.4. Physiological Aspects of Plant Sterols in Human Health

4.44.5. Plant Sterols and Coronary Heart Disease Risk

4.44.6. Factors Affecting Efficacy of Plant Sterols

4.44.7. Combination Therapies of Plant Sterols

4.44.8. Safety of Plant Sterols

4.44.9. Conclusion

4.45. Soy Protein Functionality

Glossary

4.45.1. Introduction

4.45.2. Soy Storage Proteins: Glycinin and β-Conglycinin

4.45.3. Adsorption of Soy Proteins at Interfaces: Emulsifying Properties

4.45.4. Gelling Properties of Soy Protein

4.45.5. Conclusions

4.46. Egg Components for Heart Health

Glossary

4.46.1. Introduction

4.46.2. Composition of Egg

4.46.3. Pathogenesis of Cardiovascular Diseases

4.46.4. Cholesterol Content and Level of Cardiovascular Risk

4.46.5. PUFA-Enriched Egg Improves Heart Health

4.46.6. Antihypertensive Bioactive Peptides from Eggs

4.46.7. Egg Antioxidants Improve Cardiovascular Health

4.46.8. Other Beneficial Effects Improve CVD Risk

4.46.9. Conclusion and Notes

4.47. Enzyme Technology – Dairy Industry Applications

Glossary

4.47.1. Introduction

4.47.2. Industrially Important Enzymes Indigenous to Milk

4.47.3. Exogenous Enzymes Employed in the Manufacture of Dairy Products [15]

4.48. Gut Microbiology – A Relatively Unexplored Domain

Glossary

4.48.1. Introduction

4.48.2. Diversity of the Gut Microbiota

4.48.3. Immunomodulatory Effects of Gut Microbes

4.48.4. Complementation of the Gut Microbiota

4.48.5. Use of Animal Models to Study the Microbiota–Host Interaction

4.49. Probiotics

Glossary

4.49.1. Introduction

4.49.2. Microorganisms

4.49.3. Probiogenomics

4.49.4. Selection of Probiotic Strains

4.49.5. Technology

4.49.6. Probiotic Food Products

4.49.7. The Probiotic Concept

4.49.8. Safety Considerations

4.49.9. Conclusions

4.50. Novel Lipid Substitutes

Glossary

4.50.1. Introduction

4.50.2. Traditional Fat Crystal Networks

4.50.3. Novel Lipid Substitutes

4.50.4. Modifying the Crystal Structure of Novel Lipid Substitutes

4.50.5. Summary and Future Directions

4.51. Microwave Dehydration of Food and Food Ingredients

Glossary

4.51.1. Introduction

4.51.2. Background Information on Microwave Energy and Microwave Dehydration

4.51.3. Microwave-Applicator Designs

4.51.4. Microwave Dehydration

4.51.5. Microwave-Assisted Fluidized-Bed Drying

4.51.6. Microwave-Assisted Freeze-Drying

4.51.7. Food Culture and Probiotics

4.51.8. Conclusions

4.52. Active and Intelligent Packaging Materials

Glossary

4.52.1. Introduction

4.52.2. Antimicrobial AFP

4.52.3. Vapor and Gas Scavengers

4.52.4. Intelligent Packaging

4.52.5. Conclusion: Acceptance and Safety issues of AFP and IFP

4.53. Antimicrobials from Plants – Food Preservation and Shelf-Life Extension

Glossary

4.53.1. Introduction

4.53.2. Major Groups of Antimicrobial Compounds from Plants

4.53.3. Antimicrobial Activities

4.53.4. Mechanisms

4.53.5. Applications

4.53.6. Conclusion

4.54. Biosensors for Foodborne Pathogen Detection

Glossary

4.54.1. Introduction

4.54.2. Target Microbes

4.54.3. Conventional Microbiological Detection and Enumeration

4.54.4. Diagnostics for Pathogen Detection

4.54.5. Microbial Capture and Concentration

4.54.6. Transduction Strategies

4.54.7. Conclusions and Future Directions

4.55. Microemulsions as Nanoscale Delivery Systems

Glossary

4.55.1. Literature Review

4.55.2. Controlled Release of Food-Based Ingredients

4.55.3. Conclusion

4.56. Origins and Compositional Analysis of Novel Foods

Glossary

4.56.1. Introduction

4.56.2. Unique Animal Bio-Processed Foods

4.56.3. Conclusions

4.57. Nutrigenomics

Glossary

4.57.1. Introduction

4.57.2. Alcohol

4.57.3. Caffeine

4.57.4. Dietary Fat

4.57.5. Fruits and Vegetables

4.57.6. Micronutrients

4.57.7. Conclusions

4.58. Plant and Endophyte Relationships

Glossary

4.58.1. Introduction: Plant Nutrient Management and Agricultural Productivity

4.58.2. Endophyte Nutrient Uptake

4.58.3. Enhancing Root Growth

4.58.4. Nitrogen Fixation

4.58.5. Other Endophytic Mechanisms Affecting Plant Nutrient Status

4.58.6. Application of Endophytes to Agriculture

4.58.7. Conclusions

4.59. Disease Resistance/Pathology/Fusarium

Glossary

4.59.1. Introduction

4.59.2. Fusarium Life Cycles

4.59.3. Economic Impacts of Fusarium Infections and Their Toxins

4.59.4. Plant–Pathogen Interactions and Plant Resistance Mechanisms

4.59.5. Biotechnological Approaches to Resistance in Plants

4.59.6. F. graminearum

4.59.7. F. culmorum

4.59.8. F. verticillioides

4.59.9. F. oxysporum

4.60. Plant Biochemistry

Glossary

4.60.1. Introduction

4.60.2. Leguminous Antifungal Proteins

4.60.3. Nonleguminous Antifungal Proteins

4.60.4. Conclusion and Future Perspectives

4.61. Biological Control and Biotechnological Amelioration in Managed Ecosystems

Glossary

4.61.1. Introduction

4.61.2. Biocontrol of Weeds

4.61.3. Biocontrol of Plant Pathogens

4.61.4. Biocontrol of Plant Pathogens and Insect Pests by Pollinator Vectors

4.61.5. Biocontrol of Insect, Mite, and Nematode Pests

4.61.6. Biocontrol of Vertebrate Pests

4.61.7. Biocontrol in Veterinary and Medical Applications

4.61.8. Production, Deployment, and Establishment of Biocontrol Agents

4.61.9. Genetic Engineering and Biological Control

4.61.10. Ecological Considerations

4.62. Genetic Basis of Disease Resistance in the Honey Bee (Apis mellifera L.)

Glossary

4.62.1. Introduction

4.62.2. Colony Collapse Disorder and Parasites

4.62.3. Genetic Basis of Disease Resistance

4.62.4. Conclusion

4.63. Food Safety, Genetically Engineered Foods and Perception

Glossary

4.63.1. Introduction

4.63.2. Use New Media

4.64. Socio-Environmental Factors Influencing Food Behavior

Glossary

4.64.1. Introduction

4.64.2. The Economic Environment

4.64.3. Social Determinants of Healthy Eating

4.64.4. Influences of the Physical Environment on Healthy Eating

4.64.5. The Interaction of Determinants – The Obesogenic Environment

4.64.6. Policy

4.64.7. Conclusion

4.65. Policy and Novel Foods from Animal Sources

Acknowledgement

4.65.1. Introduction

4.65.2. Background

4.65.3. Food Derived from Animal Clones and Their Progeny: A Case Study

4.65.4. Specific Legislations Governing Food Products Derived from Biotechnology-Derived Animals

4.65.5. Conclusion