Temperature and plant development/ edited by Feara A. Franklin,

1 Temperature sensing in plants 1
Steven Penfield and Dana MacGregor
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Passive and active temperature responses in plants 1
1.3 Temperature sensing during transcriptional regulation 3
1.4 Sensing cold: A role for plasma membrane calcium channels
in plants 8
1.5 A role for membrane fluidity as an upstream
temperature sensor? 11
1.6 Temperature sensing by proteins 12
1.7 Summary 14
2 Plant acclimation and adaptation to cold environments 19
Bob Baxter
2.1 Introduction 19
2.2 Chilling and freezing injury 20
2.3 Freezing avoidance and tolerance at the structural
and physiological level 21
2.3.1 Freezing avoidance 21
2.3.2 Freezing point depression, supercooling, deep
supercooling, and extracellular and extraorgan freezing 23
2.3.3 Ice nucleation and structural and thermal ice barriers 23
2.3.4 Glass transition (vitrification) 25
2.3.5 Antifreeze factors 25
2.4 Freezing tolerance 26
2.4.1 Cold acclimation (hardening) 26
2.4.2 Genes and regulatory mechanisms in cold acclimation 27
2.4.3 Dehydrins 30
2.4.4 Heat shock proteins 30
2.4.5 Enzymatic and metabolic response in cryoprotection 30
2.4.6 The role of hormones in low-temperature acclimation 31
' ox
vi CONTENTS
2.5 Cold deacclimation (dehardening) and reacclimation
(rehardening)
2.6 Spatial and temporal considerations of plant responses to
low temperature 34
2.6.1 Interactions between cold and light:
Winter dormancy 35
2.6.2 Interactions between cold and environmental drought 36
2.6.3 Interactions between cold and light: Photosynthesis,
photoinhibition, and reactive oxygen species in cold
environments 36
2.7 The survival of cold and freezing stress in a changing climate 38
2.8 Plant cold acclimation and adaptation in an agricultural
context •
2.9 Summary 4-
3 Plant Acclimation and adaptation to warm environments 49
Martijn van Zanten, Ralph Bours, Thijs L. Pons,
and Marcel C.G. Proveniers
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Implications of high temperature for agriculture and
natural ecosystems
3.3 Temperature perception and signaling pathways 52
3.4 Photosynthesis ^3
3.5 Respiration and carbon balance 57
3.6 Growth and allocation of biomass 58
3.7 Architectural changes in response to high temperature 58
3.7.1 Heat-induced hyponastic growth in Arabidopsis
and hormonal and light control 59
3.7.2 High-temperature-induced hypocotyl elongation in
Arabidopsis 60
3.7.3 PIF4 as central regulator of high-temperature
acclimation in61
3.8 Hormonal regulation of thermotolerance 62
3.9 Functional implications of plant architectural changes
to high temperature 63
3.10 Interactions between drought and high temperature 64
3.11 Carbohydrate status control of plant acclimation to
high temperature 65
3.12 Thermoperiodic effects on plant growth
and architecture 66
3.13 High-temperature effects on the floral transition 68
CONTENTS Vll
4 Vernalization: Competence to flower provided by winter 79
Dong-Hwan Kim and Sibum Sung
4.1 Introduction 79
4.2 Vernalization requirement in Arabidopsis 80
4.2.1 Molecular basis of Fi?/-mediated FLCactivation 81
4.2.2 Mutations in autonomous pathway genes: Another
route to confer vernalization requirement 82
4.2.3
Other chromatin-remodeling complexes required for FLC
activation 83
4.3 The molecular mechanism of vernalization 84
4.3.1 Vernalization-mediated epigenetic repression of FLC 84
4.3.2 The dynamics of PRC2 and TRX at FLC chromatin 86
4.3.3 Mechanisms underlying PRC2 recruitment to FLC
chromatin by vernalization 87
4.4 Resetting of FLC repression during meiosis 88
4.5 Vernalization in other plant species 89
4.5.1 Arabis Alpina 89
4.5.2 Cereals (wheat and barley) 90
4.5.3
Sugar beet {Beta vulgaris) 90
4.6 Concluding remarks 91
5 Temperature and light signal integration 97
Harriet G. McWatters, Gabriela Toledo-Ortiz, and Karen J. Halliday
5.1 Introduction 97
5.2 Convergence points for light and temperature sensing 101
5.3 Phytochrome-Interacting Factors as signal integrators 102
5.4
ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5): A cool operator 105
5.5 Light and temperature converge at the circadian oscillator 107
5.6 Photoperiodic and thermal control of flowering 113
5.7 Light-dependent circadian gating of cold-acclimation
responses 115
5.8 Temperature and light regulation of cell membrane fatty
acid composition 117
5.9 Concluding thoughts: Implications for a changing future 118
6 Temperature and the circadian clock 131
Kathleen Greenham and C. Robertson McClung
6.1 Introduction 131
6.2 Temperature compensation 136
viii CONTENTS
6.3 Temperature entrainment 142
6.4 Cold tolerance ^46
6.5 Splicing
6.6 Concluding remarks 151
7 Temperature and plant immunity 163
Jian Hua
7.1 Introduction 163
7.2 Plant immunity 164
7.2.1 Immunity against microbial pathogens 164
7.2.2 Immunity against necrotrophic pathogens 166
7.2.3 Immunity against herbivorous insects 166
7.2.4 Immunity against viruses 167
7.3 Temperature effects on plant disease resistance 167
7.3.1 High-temperature suppression of disease resistance 168
7.3.2 Low-temperature inhibition of plant immunity 169
7.3.3 Disease resistance induced by high and low
temperatures 169
7 4 The molecular basis for temperature sensitivity in plant
immunity ^
7.4.1 Heat-sensitive NB-LRR R proteins 170
7.4.2 Involvement of NB-LRR R proteins in heat-sensitive
immune responses 172
7 4 3 Enhancement of immunity by ABA deficiency at high
temperatures ''
7.4.4 Cold sensitivity in RNA silencing-mediated immunity 173
7.5 Evolution of the temperature sensitivity of immunity 174
7.5.1 Coevolution with pathogens 175
7.5.2 Competition between biotic and abiotic responses 176
7.6 Concluding remarks 17-6
8 Temperature, climate change, and global food security 181
Robert J. Redden, Jerry L. Hatfield, RV. Vara Prasad,
Andreas W. Ebert, Shyam S. Yadav, and GarryJ. O'Leary
8.1 Introduction 1^1
8.2 Climate change on a global basis 181
8.3 The impact of temperature on crop water relations 183
8.4 The influence of high temperature on crop physiology
and yield processes 1^6
1 70
CONTENTS ix
8.5 The Interaction of climate change factors on crop
development 188
8.5.1 The interaction of rising temperature and CO, 188
8.5.2 The interaction of high-temperature and
drought stress 189
8.6 The Impact of global climate change on food quality
and plant nutrient demand 190
8.7 Breeding high-temperature stress tolerance using crop
wild relatives 190
8.8 Global food production and food security 191
8.8.1 ^\'heat production 192
8.8.2 Rice production 192
8.8.3 Potato production 192
8.8.4 Maize production 193
8.8.5 Sorghum production 193
8.8.6 Cassava production I93
8.8.7 Pulse production I93
8.8.8 Predicted impacts of climate change on global crop
production I94
8.9 Crop nutritional content 194
8.10 Discussion 196
8.11 Conclusions I97
Index 203
Colorplatesection is located between pages 130 and 131.