Crop production eco friendly approaches/ P.Parvatha Reddy

1. Introduction 1
1.1. Changing Scenario of Biotic Stress 1
1.2.
Impact of Climate Change 1
1.3. Indiscriminate Use of Pesticides 2
1.4. Problems Associated with Use of Chemical Pesticides 3
1.5. Ill Effects of Endosulfan on Human Beings in Kerala 4
1.6. Need for Ecofriendly Pest Management 5
2. Eco-friendly Pest Management Options 7
2.1. Regulatory Methods 8
2.2. Mechanical and Physical Methods 8
2.3. Cultural Methods 9
2.4. Host Resistance 9
2.5. Biological Methods 10
2.6. Botanicals 11
2.7. Semiochemicals 11
2.8. Integrated Methods 12
2.9. Novel
Approaches 13
3. Regulatory Methods 14
3.1. Plant Quarantine 14
3.2. Pests of Quarantine Importance 15
3.3. Enacting Plant Quarantine • 21
3.4. Suggestions for Transfer of Plant Genetic Resources 24
3.2. Seed Certification 25
4. Mechanical and Physical Methods 26
4.1. Heat Treatment 26
4.2. Cold Treatment 35
4.3. Physical Barriers 36
4.4. Irradiation 36
4.5. Washing Process 37
viii Crop Protection: Eco Friendly Approaches
4.6. Mechanical Control 37
4.7. Light/Sticky Traps 37
4.8. Use of Nylon Net 38
4.9. Plastic Mulching 39
4.10. Banding of Fruit Trees 40
4.11. Wrapping of Individual Fruits 41
4.12. Generation of Smoke 42
5. Cultural Methods 43
5.1. Crop Rotation 43
5.2. Trap Cropping 51
5.3. Intercropping 54
5.4. Cover Cropping 58
5.5.
Green Manure Cropping 59
5.6. Barrier Cropping 60
5.7. Strip Cropping 61
5.8.
Mulching 62
5.9. Deep Summer Ploughing 63
5.10. Fallowing 64
5.11. Flooding 64
5.12. Use of Pest-Free Planting Stock 65
5.13. Influence of Fertilizers 66
5.14. Sowing Practices 68
5.15. Sanitation/Removal or Destruction of Infected Plants 71
5.16. Stalking/Training 72
5.17. Resistant Standard Plants 72
6. Botanicals 73
6.1. Advantages of Botanical Pesticides 73
6.2. General Traits of Botanical Pesticides 76
6.3. Botanical Pesticides 77
6.4. Green Manures -86
6.5. Mulching with Crop Residues 86
6.6. Organic Amendments 86
6.7.
Sugars 90
6.8. Antagonistic Plants 91
6.9. Pest Management Using Botanicals 94
6.10. Future Emphasis of Botanical Pesticides 111
7. Biological Methods 113
7.1. Advantages of Biological Control Agents 115
7.2. Types of Biological Control 115
7.3. Pest Management Using Biocontrol Agents 123
7.4. Development of Mixed Formulations of Biocontrol Agents 176
7.5. Mass Multiplication 177
Contents ix
7.6. Formulation 177
7.7. ShelfLife 178
7.8. Application 178
7.9. Increasing Efficiency of Biocontrol Agents 180
7.10. Areas Requiring Attention of Scientists and Policy Makers 182
8. Host Resistance 184
8.1. Screening of Germplasm 184
8.2. Mechanism of Resistance 185
8.3. Pest Resistant Varieties of Horticultural Crops 185
9. Semiochemicals 195
9.1. Allelochemicals 196
9.2. Pheromones 196
9.3. Uses of Pheromones in IPM 197
9.4. Specific Uses of Pheromones in IPM 200
9.5. Miscellaneous Uses of Pheromones in IPM 203
9.6. Conclusions 204
10. Integrated Methods 205
10.1. Integrated Pest Management 205
10.2. Biointensive Integrated Pest Management 212
10.3. Case Studies 213
11. Novel Approaches 226
11.1. Biotechnological Approaches 226
11.2. Biofumigation 232
11.3. Variety Mixtures 238
11.4. Disguising the Leaf Surface 242
11.5. Avermectins 245
11.6. Bacteriophages 249
11.7. Bio-Priming of Seeds 254
11.8. Non-Pathogenic Strains 258
11.9. Plant Defense Activators 266
11.10. Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) 271
11.11. Soil Solarization 280
11.12. Strobilurin Fungicides 291
11.13. RNA Interference (RNAi) 296
11.14. Pathogenesis-Related Proteins 297
11.15. Fusion Protein-Based Biopesticides 301
11.16. Seed M^t Technology 302