Understanding Immunology/ Wood,Peter

Contents Preface Acknowledgements 1 The threat of the body: the role and requirements of the immune system1.1 The role and complexity of the immune system1.2 Types of pathogen and how they differ1.3 Disease production by pathogens1.4 Conclusion1.5 Summary2 The immediate response to infection: innate immunity and the inflammatory response2.1 The response to infection2.2 The immediate response to infection -- the innate immune system2.3 Cytokines2.4 The inflammatory response and cell migration2.5 Cell migration2.6 The inflammatory response 2.7 The acute phase response2.8 Opsonins and phagocytosis2.9 Interferons and natural killers2.10 Summary3 Specific immune recognition: the antibody molecule3.1 Introduction to the specific immune system3.2 Antibody structure3.3 Recognition by antibody -- antigens and epitopes3.4 Antibody classes3.5 Antibody can be secreted or expressed on the cell surface of B lymphocytes3.6 Summary4 T lymphocytes and MHC-associated recognition of antigen4.1 Overview of T lymphocyte subsets4.2 The T cell receptor for antigen4.3 The major histocompatibility complex4.4 Recognition of antigen by T cells4.5 Antigen processing and presentation by MHC molecules4.6 Summary5 Generation of diversity: how do T and B cells generate so many different variants of their antigen receptors?5.1 Introduction5.2 The relationship between Ig and TcR genes and the proteins produced5.3 Rearrangement of receptor genes in B and T cells5.4 Summary6 Anatomy of the immune system6.1 Requirements of the immune system in vivo6.2 The types of immune response6.3 Anatomy of the lymphoid system6.4 Lymphocyte recirculation6.5 Summary7 Cellular and anatomical aspects of antibody production7.1 Overview of antibody production7.2 Activation of CD4 T lymphocytes7.3 Stimulation of B-cells by antigen and their interaction with helper Th (2-4 days after antigen)7.4 Formation of germinal centres (4-14 days after antigen)7.5 MALT and the production of IgA7.6 Summary8 Effector mechanisms: dealing with pathogens in vivo (1) Antibody-mediated responses8.1 Humoral and cell-mediated immunity8.2 Antibody-mediated effector responses8.3 Neutralisation by antibody8.4 Agglutination8.5 Phagocytosis and killing8.6 Complement8.7 Antibody, complement and the opsonisation of microbes8.8 Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytoxicity (ADCC)8.9 Summary9 Effector mechanisms: dealing with pathogens in vivo (2) Cell-mediated immunity9.1 Introduction9.2 Cytotoxic T cells9.3 Delayed-type hypersensitivity9.4 Different effector responses have different costs to the hosts9.5 Two major types of helper CD4 T cells9.6 Summary10 Immunological memory and vaccination10.1 Immunological memory10.2 Vaccines10.3 Summary11 Lymphocyte development and immunological tolerance11.1 Why must lymphocytes be produced continually?11.2 The production of lymphocytes: lymphopoiesis11.3 Production of B lymphocytes11.4 Production of T lymphocytes11.5 Peripheral tolerance in T cells11.6 Summary12 Autoimmune diseases12.1 Definition and terminology of autoimmune disease12.2 Spectrum and clinical burden of autoimmune diseases12.3 Immunological features of autoimmune diseases12.4 Aetiology of autoimmune disease12.5 Loss of immunological tolerance12.6 Summary13 Allergy and other hypersensitivities13.1 Introduction13.2 Type I hypersensitivity (allergy)13.3 Clinical symptoms of allergy13.4 Testing for allergy13.5 Epidemiology of allergy13.6 Why have IgE?13.7 Treatment of allergy13.8 Type II hypersensitivity13.9 Type III hypersensitivity13.10 Differences between type II and type III hypersensitivity13.11 Contact hypersensitivity13.12 Summary14 AIDS14.1 History and incidence of AIDS14.2 The human immunodeficiency virus14.3 Clinical course of HIV infection14.4 Immunological events associated with HIV infection14.5 Chemotherapy of HIV14.6 HIV vaccines14.7 Summary15 Manipulating the immune system: vaccination, transplantation and tumours15.1 Introduction15.2 Transplantation15.3 Using the immune system against tumours15.4 Summary Index