Introducing psychological research/ Philip Banyard, Andrew Grayson

Part I Social Psychology
1 Social Influence
Eight out often owners said their cats preferred it
■ Asch, S.E. (1955). Opinions and social pressure.
Scientific American, 193, 31-5.
Be a good boy and do as you are told
■ Milcram, S. (1963). Behavioral study of obedience.
Journal ofAbnormal and Social Psychology, 67,
Going underground
■ PiLiAviN, I.M., Rodin, J.A. and Piliavin, J. (1969)-
Good Samaritanism; an underground phenomenon?
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 289-99.
Walk on by
■ Levine, R.M. (1999). Rethinking bystander non-intervention,
social categorization and the evidence of witnesses at the
James Bulger murder trial.
Human Relations, 52, 1133-55-
2 Social Judgements
Changing our minds
■ Festincer, L. and Carlsmith, j.M. (i959)-
Cognitive consequences of forced compliance.
Jo rnal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-10.
Is she really going out with him?
■ Nisbett, R.E., Caputo, C., Lecant, P. and Marecek, J. (i973)-
Behaviour as seen by the actor and as seen by the observer.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 27, 154-64.
I'm not prejudiced but ...
■ LaPiere, R.T. (1934). Attitudes vs. actions.
Social Forces, 13, 230-7.
The minimal group studies
■ Tajfel, H. (1970). Experiments in intergroup discrimination.
Scientifc American, 223, 96-102.
Shock and awe
■ Fischhoff, B., Gonzalez, R., Lerner, J. and Small, D. (2005).
Evolving judgements of terror risks: foresight, hindsight and emotion.
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 2, 124-39.
Social Interaction
The robber's cave
■ Sherif, M. (1956). Experiments in group conflict.
Scientifc American, 195, 54~S-
The mother (and father) of all groups
■ Bales, R.F. (1955)- How people interact in conferences.
Scientific American, 1^2,
The prison simulation
■ Haney, C., Banks, W.C. and Zimbardo, P.G. (1973)-
A study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison.
Naual Research Review, 30, 4-17-
S. and Hasla^m, S.A. (2006). Rethinking the psychology of tyranny: the BBC prison study.
British Journal of Social Psychology, 45, 1-40-
Small world and getting smaller
■ Dodds, p., Muhamad, R. and Watts, D. (2003)-
An experimental study of search in global social networks.
Science, 301, 827-9.
^art II Biological and Comparative Psychology
^ Learning
The flight of the killer pigeons
■ Skinner, B.F. (1960). Pigeons in a pelican.
American Psychologist, 15, 28-37.
What's your pleasure? • 1 1 +•
Olds ]• Milner, P. (1954). Positive reinforcement produced by electrical stimulation
f the septal area and other regions of the rat brain.
Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 47, 419-27.
Learning to be helpless
■ Selicman, M.E.P. and Maier, S.F. (1967). Failure to escape traumatic shock.
Journal of Experimental Psychology, 74, 1-9.
Bashing Bobo
■ Bandura, a.. Ross, D. and Ross, S.A. (1961).
Transmission of aggression through imitation of aggressive models.
Journal ofAbnormal and Social Psychology, 63, 575-82.
Monkey talk
■ Gardner, R.A. and Gardner, B.T. (1969). Teaching sign language to a chimpanzee.
Science, 165, 664-72.
5 Comparative Psychology
The colony of monkeys
■ Rawlins, R. (1979). Forty years of rhesus research.
New Scientist, 82, 108-10.
A fishy tale
■ Tinbercen, N. (1952). The curious behaviour of the stickleback.
Scientific American, 187, 22-6.
Rat City: the behavioural sink
■ Calhoun, J.B. (1962). Population density and social pathology.
Scientific American, 206, 139-48.
Just monkeying around
■ Alexander, G.M. and Hines, M. (2002).
Sex differences in response to children's toys in nonhuman primates.
Evolution and Human Behavior, 23, 467-79.
6 Bio-Psychology
A brain of two halves
■ Sperry, R.W. (1968). Hemisphere deconnection and unity in conscious awareness.
American Psychologist, 23, 723-33.
How do you feel?
■ ScHACHTER, S. and Singer, J.E. (1962).
Cognitive, social and physiological determinants of emotional state.
Psychological Review, 69, 379-99.
To sleep, perchance to dream
■ Dement, W. and Kleitman, N. (1957). The relation of eye movements during sleep to dream activity:
an objective method for the study of dreaming.
Journal of Experimental Psychology, 53, 339-46.
Murderers!
Raine, a., Buchsbaum, M. and LaCasse, L. (1997).
Brain abnormalities in murderers indicated by positron emission tomography.
Biological Psychiatry, 42, 495-508.
, rt t
Mastermind
■ Macuire, E. A., e£ o/. (2000).
Navigation-related structural change in the hippocampi of taxi drivers.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, USA, 97, 439^~403-
Where does it hurt.i*
■ Melzack, R. (1992). Phantom limbs.
Scientific American, April, 90-6.
Part III Diversity
7 Identity
Black dolls and White dolls
■ Hraba, j. and Grant, G. (1970).
Black is beautiful: a re-examination of racial preference and identification.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, i6, 398-402.
Black identity
■ Nobles, W.W. (1976). Extended self: rethinking the so-called Negro self-concept.
Journal of Black Psychology, 2, 15-24.
The boy who was raised as a girl: a psychological tragedy
■ Diamond, M. and Sicmundson, K. (1997)-
Sex reassignment at birth: a long term review and clinical implications.
Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine. 151. 298-304-
Mirror, mirror on the wall ...
■ Koff, E. (1983). Through the looking glass of menarche: what the adolescent girl sees.
In S. Golub (ed.), Menarche, pp. 77-86. Lexington, Mass: D.C. Heath.
Girls just want to have fun
> Kino, j. (1989). Gender reference terms: separating the women from the girls.
British Journal of Social Psychology, 28, 185-7.
8 Abnormality , u
You don't have to be mad to work here. You don't even have to be mad to be in here ...
■ Rosenhan, D.L (1973). On being sane in insane places.
Science, 179, 250-8.
The Three Faces of Eve
- Thicpen, C.H. and Cleckley, H. (i954)- A case of multiple personality.
Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 49< ^35—5^-
Paranoid humanoid
■ Griffith, j.D., Cavanaugh, ]., Held, j. and Gates, j.A. (1972).
Dextroamphetamine; evaluation of psychomimetic properties in man.
Archive of General Psychiatry, 26, 97-100.
Fear today, gone tomorrow r u k-
■ Lang, P-J- and Lazovik, A.D. (1963). Experimental desensitization of a photiia.
Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 66, 519-25-
It could be you! But it probably won't be.
■ Griffiths, M.D. (1994). The role of cognitive bias and skill in fruit machine gambling.
British Journal of PsychologY, 85, 351-69.
9 Individual Differences
The Big Five
■ McCrae, R.R. and Costa, P.T. (1987).
Validation of the five factor model of personality across instruments and observers.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 81-90.
Measuring masculinity and femininity
■ Bem, S.L {1974). The measurement of psychological androgyny.
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42,155-62.
Mis-measuring intelligence
■ Gould, S.j. (1982). A nation of morons.
New Scientist (6 May 1982), pp. 349-52.
A brave new world
■ Plomin, R., and Daniels, D. (1987).
Why are children in the same family so different from one another?
Behavioral and Brain Sciences, io, i-i6.
Part IV Developmental Psychology
TO Attachment
Can you hear me mother?
■ Harlow, H.F. (1959). Love in infant monkeys.
Scientific American, 200, 68-74.
Family life
■ Hodges, J. and Tizard, B. (1989)- Social and family relationships of ex-institutional adolescents.
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 30, Tj-rj-j.
Emotional deprivation
■ KoluchovA, j. (1972). Severe deprivation in twins: a case study.
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 13, 107-14.
The behaviour of newborn children in two different cultures
■ Brazelton, T.B., Koslowski, B. and Tronick, E. (1976).
Neonatal behavior among urban Zambians and Americans.
Journal of Child Psychiatry, 15, 97-107.
n The Classic Approaches
i want a girl, just like the girl that married dear old Dad
■ Freud, S. (1909). Analysis of a phobia of a five-year-old boy.
In The Pelican Freud Library (1977), Vol. 8, Case Histories i, pp. 169-306.
The tale of Little Albert
Watson, J.B. and Rayner, R. (1920). Conditioned emotional reactions
Journal of Experimental Psychology, 3, 1-14.
Piaget's cognitive approach
■ Samuel, J. and Br/ant, P. (1984). Asking only one question in the conservation experiment.
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 25, 315-18.
Vygotsky's social constructivist approach
■ Wood, D.. Wood, H. and Middleton, D. (1978)-
An experimental evaluation of four face-to-face teaching strategies.
International journal of Behavioral Development, 1, 131-47.
12 Communication
The dance of the neonates
■ Condon, W.S. and Sander, L.W. (1974)- Neonate movement is synchronized with adult speech:
interactional participation and language acquisition.
Science, 183, 99-101.
Listen with mother
■ Fernald, a. (1985). Four-month-old infants prefer to listen to motherese.
Infant Behavior and Development, 8, 181-95.
All the king's horses and all the king's men ...
■ Bryant, P.E., Bradley, L., Maclean, M. and Crossland, J. (1989).
Nursery rhymes, phonological skills and reading.
Journal of Child Language, 16, 407-28.
Talking proper
■ Ubov, W. (1969). The logic of nonstandard English.
In P P Giglioli (ed.), Language and Social Context. FHarmondsworth, England. Penguin.
Part V Cognitive psychology
13 Memory
rTArTLE^T^,T.rr932). Remembering: A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Tctr n.r and Lockhart, R.S. (197a). Levels of processing: a framework for memory research.
Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 11. 671-84-
J.C. (1974). Reconstruction of automobile destruction:
an example of the interaction between language and memory.
Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 13, 585 9-
False or recovered memories?
a LoFTUs, E.F. and Pickrell, j.E. (1995). The formation of false memories.
Psychiatric Annals, 25, 720-5.
14 Perception
Scientifc American, 202, 64-7''■
why did the antelope cross the road?
■ Derecowski, J.B. (1972). Pictorial perception and culture.
Scientific American, 227, 82-8.
Walk like a man ...
■ Kozlowski, L.T. and Cutting, J.E. (1977)
Recognizing the sex of a walker from a dynamic point-light display.
Perception and Psychophysics, 21, 575-80
Are you having a laugh?
■ Carroll, P.J., Young, J.R. and Guertin, M.S. (1992).
Visual analysis of cartoons: a view from the far side.
In K. Rayhor (ed.) Eye Movements and Visual Cognition: Scene Perception and Reading,
pp. 444-61. New York: Springer-Verlag.
15 Mind and Thought
Autism and theories of mind
■ Baron-cohen, S., Jolliffe, T., Mortimore, C. and Robertson, M. (1997).
Another advanced test of theory of mind: evidence from very high functioning adults
with autism or Asperger Syndrome.
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38, 813-22.
I'm sorry Dave, I can't do that
■ Searle, J.R. (1980). Minds, brains and programs.
Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3, 417—57.
Is it a bird, is it a plane ...?
■ Collins, A.M. and Quillian, M.R. (1969) Retrieval time from semantic memory.
Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 8, 240-7.
Hearing colours, tasting shapes
■ Ramachandran, V.S. and Hubbard, E.M. (2001).
Psychophysical investigations into the neural basis of synaesthesia.
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 268, 979-83.
16 Attention
Now you see it, now you don't
■ Sperling, G. (i960). The information available in brief visual presentations.
Psychological Monographs, 74 (no. 11. Whole no. 498).
Listening with one ear
■ Gray, J.A. and Wedderburn, A.A.I, (i960). Grouping strategies with simultaneous stimuli.
Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 12, 180-4.
Monkey business
■ Simons, D.j. and Chabris, C.F. (1999).
Gorillas in our midst: sustained inattentional blindness for dynamic events
Perception, 28, 1059-74.
Part VI Psychological Methods
17 Analysing Data
Discourse analysis
■ Potter, J. and Edwards, D. (1990).
Nigel Lawson's tent: discourse analysis, attribution theory and the social psychology of fact.
European Journal of Social Psychology, 20, 405-24.
AIDS and uncertainty
■ Weitz, R. (1989). Uncertainty and the lives of persons with AIDS.
Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 30, 270-81.
Life is stress
■ Holmes, T.H. and Rahe, R.H. (1967). The Social Re-adjustment Rating Scale.
Journal of Psychosomatic Research, ii, 213-18.
Shrink-wrapped: the choice of therapist
■ Smith, M.L. and Glass, G.V. (1977)- Meta-analysis of psychotherapy outcome studies.
American Psychologist, 32, 752-60.
18 Issues in Research
Demand characteristics
■ Orne, M.T. (1962). On the social psychology of the psychological experiment:
with particular reference to demand characteristics and their implications.
American Psychologist, 17, 776-83.
Who are psychology's subjects.i*
■ Sears, D.O. (1986). College sophomores in the laboratory: influences of a narrow data base
on psychology's view of human nature.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5T 513-30.
How gullible are you? .
. Forer, B. R. (1949). The fallacy of personal validation: a class-room demonstration of gullibility.
Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 44. n8-2i.
Dull rats and bright rats
■ Rosenthal, R. and Fode, K.L. (1963).
The effect of experimenter bias on the performance of the a bino rat.
Behavioral Science, 8, 183-9.
Why psychology?
■ Miller, G. (1969). Psychology as a means of promoting human welfare.
American Psychologist, 24, 1063-75.
19 Methodology: How Does Psychological Research Get Done?
Section 1: Data and data analysis
Section 2: Research methods and designs
Section 3: Quality control