The art and science of optical design/ Robert R.Shannon,

1 INTRODUCTION:THE ART AND SCIENCE OF DESIGN 1
1.1 Science and Art in Optical Design 1
1.2 Starting a Design 6
1.2.1 Detailed Description of a Lens 7
1.3 Optimizing a Lens 13
1.4 Evaluating a Design 14
1.5 Completing a Lens Design 20
1.6 This Book 22
S BASIC OPTICS FOR DESIGN 24
2.1 Geometrical Optics 25
2.1.1 Paraxial Optics 37
2.1.2 Ray Tracing 58
2.1.3 Wavefront Determination 77
2.1.4 Extended Sine Condition -
Isoplanatism 83
2.1.5 Astigmatism and Field Curvature 98
2.2 Physical Optics 106
2.2.1 Diffraction Images 108
2.2.2 Computation of Diffraction Images 116
2.3 Optical Materials 135
2.3.1 Optical Glass 137
2.3.2 Other Transmitting Materials 158
vllyMI CQIMTENTS
2.3.3 Reflective Materials I59
2.3.4 Diffractive and Holographic Materials 161
164
164
3 ABERRATIONS
3.1 Definition
3.1.1 Low-Order Aberrations 170
3.1.1.1 First-Order Aberrations 170
3.1.1.1.1 Focus and Lateral
Shift 170
3.1.1.1.2 Chromatic
Aberrations 178
3.1.1.2 Third-Order Aberrations 191
3.1.1.2.1 Classification and
Interpretation 192
3.1.1.2.2 Evaluation 217
3.1.1.2.3 Origin 227
3.1.1.3 Control of Lens Aberrations 235
3.1.2 High-Order Aberrations 249
3.2 Measurement and Specification 260
4 IMAGE ANALYSIS 265
4.1 Image Quality Measures 265
4.1.1 Visual 266
4.1.2 Technical 267
4.1.3 Summary Measures 267
4.2 Optical Transfer Function Basics 268
4.2.1 OTF Definitions 268
4.2.2 Limiting Properties 276
4.2.3 OTF versus Aberration 285
4.3 OTF Computation 310
4.3.1 Pupil Definition 311
4.3.2 FFT Methods 313
4.3.3 Convolution Methods 319
4.4 Summary Measures 320
4.4.1 Energy Concentration 321CONTENTS
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4.4.2 Strehl Ratio, RMS Wavefront
Aberration 322
4.4.3 Resolution and Subjective Optical
Quality 326
4.5 Sampled Data Systems 330
5 DESIGN OPTIMIZATION 334
5.1 Variable Definition 336
5.1.1 Choice of Variables 335
5.1.2 Representation of Variables 340
5.2 Boundary Determination 34O
5.2.1 Volume Limits 34O
5.2.2 Practical Limits 341
5.3 Merit Function Definition 34I
5.4 Optimization Procedures 348
5.4.1 Local 349
5.4.1.1 Damped Least Squares 349
5.4.1.2 Orthonormalization 352
5.4.1.3 Steepest Descent Methods 352
5.4.1.4 Adaptive Methods 353
5.4.2 Global Searches 353
B TOLERANCE ANALYSIS 355
6.1 Tolerance Definition 357
6.1.1 Image Errors 357
6.1.2 Fabrication Limits 358
6.2 Tolerancing Procedures 362
6.2.1 General 353
6.2.2 Computer Analysis 364
6.2.3 Statistical Combining of Errors 367
6.2.4 Examples of Tolerancing 368
6.2.4.1 Airspaced Doublet 369
6.2.4.2 Complex Lens 377
6.2.4.3 Cassegrain Telescope 380
6.3 Tolerance Specification 385CONTENTS
6.4 Environmental Analysis 385
7 DESIGN EXAMPLES 388
7.1 Basic Design Forms 389
7.1.1 Doublets 390
7.1.2 Triplets 433
7.1.3 Gauss Types 452
7.1.4 Miscellaneous Imaging Optics 492
7.1.5 Zoom Lenses 533
7.1.6 Aspheric Lenses 553
7.1.6.1 Reflectors 566
7.1.6.2 Refractors 584
7.2 Nontraditional Designs 590
7.2.1 Beam Transfer Systems 591
7.2.2 Cylindric and Toric Optical Systems 592
7.2.3 Scanners 593
7.2.4 Asymmetric Optical Systems 594
7.2.5 Gradient Index Optics(GRIN Materials) 595
7.2.6 Diffractive and Binary Optics 596
7.2.7 Integrated Optics 602
7.2.8 Illumination Optics 602
8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 604
8.1 Putting It All Together 604
8.2 Developing a Discipline 607
8.3 Closing the Task 608