Drinking water quality/ Gray,N.F.

Part I Introduction to water supply
1 The water business
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Water consumption
1.3 Acceptable water quality
1.4 Water utilities
1.5 Water conservation
1.6 Conclusions
References
2 Drinking water standards and risk
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Development of quality standards
2.3 Risk assessment in the development of health-based targets
2.4 Water safety plans
2.5 Drinking water standards
2.6 Conclusions
References
3 A quick guide to drinking water problems
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The problems
3.3 Conclusions
References
Part 11 Problems with the resource
4 Sources of water
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The water cycle
4.3 Surface waters: lakes, reservoirs and rivers
4.4 Groundwater sources
4.5 Other sources of water
4.6 Conclusions
References
5 Nitrate and nitrite ^
5.1 Sources in water
5.2 Water quality standards
5.3 Effect on consumers
5.4 Nitrate in groundwaters
5.5 Nitrate in surface waters
5.6 Control of high-nitrate water
5.7 Conclusions
References
6 Pesticides and organic micro-pollutants
6.1 Organic micro-pollutants
6.2 Pesticides
6.3 Industrial solvents
6.4 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
6.5 Removal of organic contaminants from drinking water
6.6 Conclusions ^
References
7 Endocrine-disrupting compounds and PPCPs
7.1 Introduction and definitions
7.2 Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs)
7.3 Oestrogen and fertility
7.4 Conclusions
References
8 Odour and taste
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Standards and assessment
8.3 Classification
8.4 Odour-causing substances of natural origin
8.5 Man-made odour-causing substances
8.6 Conclusions
References
9 Metals
9.1 Iron
9.2 Manganese
9.3 Arsenic
9.4 Other metals
9.5 Removal by treatment
9.6 Conclusions
References
10 Hardness and total dissolved solids
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Chemistry of hardness
10.3 Standards
10.4 Health aspects
10.5 Conclusions
References
11 Algae and algal toxins
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Problems associated with algae
11.3 Standards
11.4 Treatment
11.5 Conclusions
References
12 Radon and radioactivity
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Radon
12.3 Non-radon radionuclides
12.4 Standards and treatment
12.5 Conclusions
References
13 Pathogens
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Protozoa
13.3 Viruses
13.4 Bacteria
13.5 Unusual sources of contamination
13.6 Conclusions
References
Part III Problems arising from water treatment
14 Water treatment
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Unit processes
14.3 Process selection
14.4 How problems arise
14.5 Conclusions
References
15 Aluminium and acrylamide
15.1 Aluminium
15.2 Acrylamide
15.3 Conclusions
References
16 Odour and taste
16.1 Source of odour and taste problems
16.2 Removing odoui"s and tastes
16.3 Conclusions
References
17 Fluoridation
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Fluoride addition
17.3 Fluoridation and health
17.4 Fluoridation and public opinion
17.5 Who is at risk
17.6 Conclusions
References
18 Disinfection by-products
18.1 Formation
18.2 Standards
18.3 Health risks
18.4 Prevention of by-product formation
18.5 Conclusions
References
19 Monitoring and removal of pathogens
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Monitoring pathogens
19.3 Measurement and standards
19.4 Heterolrophic plate counts
19.5 Removal of pathogens
19.6 Disinfection
19.7 Conclusions
References
Part IV Problems arising in the distribution net^vork
20 The distribution network
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Ser\ ice reservoirs
20.3 Water mains
20.4 Ser\'ice pipes
20.5 Conclusions
References
21 Aesthetic quality
21.1 Odour and taste
21.2 Discolouration and iron
21.3 Sediment and turbidity
21.4 Conclusions
References
22 Asbestos
22.1 The nature of asbestos
22.2 Health effects and standards
22.3 Asbestos cement distribution pipes
22.4 Conclusions
References
23 Coal-tar linings and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Conclusions
References
24 Animals on tap
24.1 Microbial slimes in distribution pipes
24.2 Water supplies
24.3 Common species and remedial measures
24.4 Sampling water mains for animals
24.5 Microbial pathogens and invertebrates
24.6 Conclusions
References
25 Pathogens in the distribution system
25.1 Introduetion
25.2 Microbial contamination
25.3 Control
25.4 Drinking water security
25.5 Conclusions
References
Part V Problems in household plumbing systems
26 Household plumbing systems
26.1 F.ntiy to the home
26.2 Plumbing systems
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26.3 Water Byelaws and regulations
26.4 Conclusions
References
27 Corrosion and metal contamination from pipework
and fittings
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Corrosion
27.3 Lead
27.4 Copper
27.5 Zinc
27.6 Conclusions
References
28 Micro-organisms, fibres and taste
28.1 Micro-organisms in plumbing systems
28.2 Fibres, including asbestos
28.3 Odour and taste
28.4 Conclusions
References
Part VI The water we drink
29 Alternatives to tap water
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Bottled water
29.3 Point-of-use water treatment
29.4 Water harvesting
29.5 Conclusions
References
30 Water security in the twenty-first century
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Vulnerability assessment
30.3 Developing security plans
30.4 The emergency response plan
30.5 Conclusions
References
31 Final analysis
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Complaints
31.3 Public perception of drinking water quality
31.4 The quality of drinking water
31.5 Water usage and conservation
31.6 Water conflict
31.7 Drinking water in developing countries
31.8 Conclusions
References