Research methods and statistics/ Bein,Bernard C.

1 Psychology, Science, and Life
Why Are Research Methods Important Tools for Life?
Creating BCnowledge / Answering Important Questions
Why We Do Research
Description 4 / Explanation / Prediction / Control
What Constitutes Scientific Knowledge? 1
Science Is Objective 8 / Science Is Data Driven / Science Is
Replicable and Verifiable 9 / Science Is Public
The Interaction of Science and Culture
The Government's Role in Science / Cultural Values and Science
Scientific Literacy
Science and Pseudoscience / Warning Signs of Bogus
Science 15 / Junk Science IS
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Chapter Review Questions
Part II: The First Steps in Conducting Research
2 Ethics in Research
Unethical Research Practices—Past and Present
Ethical Problems in the Early Years of the Twentieth Century / Ethics
and Plagiarism / Current Examples of Unethical Research
Ethical Guidelines Created by the American Psychological Association
Aspirational Goals and Enforc cable Rules / Ethical Standards as They
Affect You
Legal Requirements and Ethics in Research
Institutional Review Boards
The Importance of Social Context in Deciding on Ethics in Research
Stanley Milgram's Research Project on Obedience / The Ethical
Issues / The Social Context
What You Need to Do if Your Research Involves Deception
Some Research Requires Deception / The Effects of Debriefing
on Research
Ethical Issues in Special Circumstances
Ethics in Cross-Cultural Research / Ethics in Internet
Research / Ethics in Animal Research
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Chapter Review Questions
3 Planning Research: Generating a Question
Where Research Ideas Begin: Everyday Observations
and Systematic Research
Informal and Formal Sources of Ideas / The Effect of Theory
How Can You Develop Research Ideas?
Generating Researeh Hypotheses
The Virtual Laboratory: Research on the Internet
Internet Research 61 / Respondent Motivation / Advantages
to Web-Based Research 64 / Potential Problems with Web-Based
Research 65 / The Future of the Internet m Psychology
Checking on Research: The Role of Replication
Don't Reinvent the Wheel: Reviewing the Literature
What Is a Literature Review? / The Effect of Peer Review
on the Research Literature
How to Conduct a Literature Review
Electronic Databases / Starting Your Search / Different
Sources of Information
How to Read a Journal Article
Understanding the Format of a Research Paper
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Chapter Review Questions
Practical Issues in Planning Your Research
Practical Questions in Planning Research
Different JVays ofStudying Behavior
Measuring Complex Concepts / The Importance of Culture and Context
in Defining Variables / Carrying Out a Literature Search
Conducting Your Study
Determining the Research Setting / Approaches to Psychological
Research 88 / Selecting Research Materials and Procedures 90 / Why
Methodology Is Important
Choosing Your Participants or Subjects
The Nature of Your Participants 94 / Deciding How Many Participants
to Include
Can Rats, Mice, and Fish Help Us Understand Humans?
Probability Sampling
Simple Random Sampling / Systematic Sampling / Stratified
Random Sampling / Cluster Sampling
Nonprobability Sampling
Convenience Sampling / Quota Sampling / Purposive
(Judgmental) Sampling / Chain-Referral Sampling
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Chapter Review Questions
Organizing Data with Descriptive Statistics
Using Statistics to Describe Results
Descriptive Statistics
Scales of Measurement / Measures of Central
Tendency 109 / Distributions of Scores / Measures
of Variability 113 / Summarizing Data
Computer Analysis Using SPSS
Generating Descriptive Statistics / Illustrating Descriptive
Statistics
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Chapter Review Questions
6 Conducting an Experiment: General Principles
Choosing a Methodology: The Practicalities of Research
Determining the Causes of Behavior
Trying to Determine Causation in Research / Requirements for
Cause-Effect Relationships/ Internal and External Validity
The Logic ofExperimental Manipulation
Experimental Control
Threats to Internal Validity / Lack of Control in Experimental
Research: Extraneous Variables and Confounds
Experimenter Effects
Participant Effects
The Hawthorne Effect
Interaction Effects Between Experimenters and Participants 144
Biosocial and Psychosocial Effects 144
Realism in Research 144
Chapter Summary 145
Key Terms 146
Chapter Review Questions 146
7 Basic Inferential Statistics 149
Probability 150
Hypothesis Testing 151
Decisions in Statistical Hypothesis Testing 153 / Normal
Distribution 156 / Sampling Distributions 157 /
Single Sample z Test 162 / Steps in Hypothesis Testing 164 /
Single Sample / Test 166
Computer A n alysis Using SPSS 171
Chapter Summary 173
Key Terms 173
Chapter Review Questions 174
8 Looking for Differences Between Two Treatments 177
Statistical Testing for Two Independent Groups 178
Stating the Hypothesis 179 / Significance Testing 180 / Confidence
Intervals 185
Statistical Testing for Related and Repeated Measures 187
Stating the Hypothesis 187 / Significance Testing 188 /
Confidence Intervals 190 / Advantages of Repeated Measures
Designs 192 / Limitations of Repeated Measures Designs 195
Computer Analysis Using SPSS 196
Independent Samples t Test 196 / Related Samples t Test 197
Chapter Summary 199
Key Terms 200
Chapter Review Questions 200
9 Looking for Differences Among Multiple Treatments 203
Statistical Testing for Multiple Treatments 204
Statistical Testing for Multiple Groups 205
Stating the Hypothesis 205 / Significance Testing 207 / Post
Hoc Analyses 214 / Effect Size 217 / Computer Analysis Using
SPSS 217
Statistical Testing for Repeated Measures 220
Stating the Hypothesis 221 / Significance Testing 222 / Post
Hoc Analyses 227 / Effect Size 227 / Computer Analysis Using
SPSS 228
Chapter Summary 231
Key Terms 232
Chapter Review Questions 232
10 Multiple Independent Variables: Factorial Designs 235
Factorial ANOVA 236
Stating the Hypotheses 237 / Partitioning Variance 238
Calculating the Factorial ANOVA 239
TOTAL Variance 239 / TREATMENT Variance 240 / ERROR
Variance 245 / F Statistics 247 / Determining Significance
248 / Post Hoc Analyses 250 / Effect Size 251
Computer Analysis Using SPSS 252
Chapter Summary 254
Key Terms 254
Chapter Review Questions 254
Part IV: Correlational and Nonexperimental Research 257
11 Principles of Survey Research 257
Surveys: Answering Diverse Questions 258
Census Versus Sample 259 / Accuracy of Survey Results 260
Anonymity and Confidentiality in Survey Research 261
Selecting Your Methodology 263
Question Types 264 / Question Content 264
Response Bias 270
Studying Sensitive Issues 271 / Social Desirability 272 /
Acquiescence 273 / Satisficing Versus Optimizing 273 / Minimizing
the Occurrence of Satisficing 275
Sampling Issues 275
Finding Hidden Populations 276
Chapter Summary 277
Key Terms 111
Chapter Review Questions 278
12 Correlation, Regression, and Non-Parametric Tests 281
Correlational Studies 282
Correlational Analyses 282
Traditional Correlation Tests 283 / Pearson's r 284
Regression 291
Multiple Regression 293
Chi-Square Goodness of Fit 295
Chi-Square Test of Independence 298
Strength of Association 300
Computer Analysis Using SPSS 301
Correlation 301 / Regression 302 / Chi-Square 302
Chapter Summary 306
Key Terms 306
Chapter Review Questions 307
13 Research in Depth: Longitudinal and Single-Case
Studies 311
Longitudinal Research 312
Common Themes in Longitudinal Research 312 / Cross-Sectional Versus
Longitudinal Research 313
Varieties of Longitudinal Research 314
Trend Studies 314 / Cohort Studies 316 / Cohort Sequential
Studies 317 / Panel Studies 318
Issues in Longitudinal Designs 320
Retrospective and Prospective Studies 320 / Attrition 321
Single-Subject Experimentation 324
Experimental Analysis of Behavior 325
Methods of Single-Case Designs 325
Withdrawal Designs 325 / Single-Subject Randomized Controlled
Trials 326 / Strengths of Single-Participant Designs 326 /
Weaknesses of Single-Participant Designs 327 / Misunderstandings
About Single-Case Research 327
Case Studies 328
A Case Study with Experimental Manipulations: Tasting Pointed Chickens
and Seeing Colored Numbers 329
Chapter Summary 330
Key Terms 330
Chapter Review Questions 331
Part V: Culture and Research 333
14 People Are Different: Considering Cultural and Individual
Differences in Research 333
Different Cultural Perspectives 335
What Is Culture? 335
Defining an Individual's Culture, Ethnicity, and Race 336
Criteria for Inclusion in a Group 337 / Social Issues and Cultural
Research 338
Cross-Cultural Concepts in Psychology 339
Are Psychological Constructs Universal? 339 / Issues in Cross-Cultural
Research 341
Is There a Biological Basis for Race?
The Criteria for Race 342 / Current Biological Insights Regarding
Race 343 / Historical Error 343 / Current Controversies
Practical Issues in Cultural Research
Lack of Appropriate Training Among Researchers
Why the Concepts of Culture and Ethnicity Are Essential in Research
Differences Due to Language and Thought Processes 346 / Differences
in Simple and Complex Behaviors / Is Culture-Free Theory Really
Free of Culture? / Similarities and Differences within the Same
Culture
Cultural Factors in Mental Health Research
Content Validity 349 / Translation Problems / Cross-Cultural
Norms 351 / Cross-Cultural Diagnoses
Sex and Gender: Do Men and Women Come from Different Cultures?
Stereotypes and Gender-Related Performance
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Chapter Review Questions
Appendix A Writing a Research Report
Appendix B Developing an Oral Presentation
Appendix C Creating a Poster
Appendix D Answers to Chapter Review Questions
Appendix E Statistical Tables