Livelihood diversities in mountain economy/ constraints and opportunities Awasthi.I.C.

1. Features and Development Issues in
Mountain Economies
I. Introduction
II. Development Trajectory of Mountain
Economies
III. Commonalities and Complementarities
1. Mountain Specificities
' 2. " Subsistence Agriculture and Food Deficits
3. Persistent Human Poverty
4. Exploitative Terms of Trade and
Exploitative Linkage Relation
5. Gender Inequity and Drudgery
6. Environmental Degradation
IV. Conclusion
2. Issues and Diversity of Development
Experience of Indian Hill Economies
I. Problems of Hill Economies
II. Diversity and Development Problems
1. Demographic Profile
2. Social Development
3. Poverty Levels
4. Human Development Indicators
5. Consumption Expenditure
6. Growth Rates
7. Labour Force Participation Rates
8. Distribution of Main Workers
9. Growth of Employment
10. Incidence of Unemployment
11. Sectoral Composition of Plan Expenditure
12. Credit-Deposit Ratio
13. Diversity in Development Patterns
III. Conclusion
3. Rural Employment in the Context of
the Hill Economy : The Theoretical
Framework and Empirical Evidences
I. Theoretical Foundations and Empirical Evidences
1. Labour Transfer Model
2. Trade-Induced Development Argument
3. Industrialisation Strategy
4. Regional Growth Theory Argument
5. Agricultural Strategy
6. Rural Non-Farm Sector
(i) Agriculture growth linkage hypothesis
(ii) Prime movers outside agriculture
hypothesis
(iii) Residual hypothesis
(iv) Limitations of existing literature in
the context of hill economy
II. Economic Characteristics of Uttarakhand
III. Rural Non-farm Employment in Uttarakhand
1. Typology of Rural Non-farm Activities
(i) Enterprise based activities
(a) Natural resource-based enterprises
(b) Livestock-based enterprises
(c) Traditional skill-based enterprises
(d) Tourism and amenities-based
enterprises
2. Nature of Linkages
IV. Need for the Study
V. Objectives
VI. Hypotheses
VII. Methodology
(i) Sampling
(ii) Survey tools
(iii) Analytical tools
(iv) Models
4. Rural Non-Farm Sector
Employment in Uttarakhand : Trends
and Patterns
I. Overview
II. Pattern of Rural Employment in Uttarakhand
1. Labour Force Participation Rates
2. Work Participation Rates
(i) National Sample Survey
(ii) Workforce Participation Rate by
Population Census
(iii) NSS Evidences
3. Intensity of Subsidiary Employment
4. Growth in Employment
Broad Sectoral Analysis
6. Trends in Employment Status
7. Unemployment Trends
III. The Rural Non-farm Sector
1. Size of Rural Non-farm Employment
in Uttarakhand
2. Growth of Non-farm Employment
3. Sectoral Composition of RNFE
4. The Growing Sub-sectors
5. Non-farm Informal Sector
6. The Rural Unorganised Manufacturing
IV. Productivity and Income
1. Sectoral Composition of Income
2. Sectoral Pattern of Productivity
3. Wages
V. Factors Determining Rural Non-farm Employment
1. Education and Skills
2. Land Size Classes and Rural Non-farm
Employment (RNFE) Employment
3. Gender and Social Group
4. Institutional Support
5. Infrastructure
VI. Conclusion
5. Socio-economic and Demographic
Characteristics of Sample Households
I. Introduction
II. Social Features of the Sample Households
(i) Principal occupation of heads of the
household
(ii) Women headed households
(iii) Casual labour households
(iv) Literacy rates
III. Demographic Characteristics
(i) Average size of households
(ii) Working age population
(iii) Aged population
' (iv) Migrants
(v) Sex ratio
(vi) Age structure of population
(vii) Marital status
IV. Economic Characteristics
(i) Assets holding
(ii) Other assets
(iii) Average annual household and per
capita income
V. Conclusion
6. Employment and Livelihood Diversities
I. Introduction
II. Activity Status of Population
(i) Labour force characteristics among sample
population
(ii) Labour force characteristics among
non-migrants
(iii) Labour force characteristics across
spatial units and household levels
(iv) Employment status of workers
III. Structure of Employment at Disaggregated
Levels and by Household Groups
(i) Structure of employment
(ii) Employment structure at spatial levels
(iii) Employment structure by social class
(iv) Employment structure by land size class
(v) Educational status of workers
(vi) Employment pattern among youth workers
IV. Occupational Structure of Workforce
(i) Occupational structure of migrant and
non-migrant workers
(ii) Occupational structure of non- migrant
workers
(iii) Occupational structure and household
features
(iv) Occupation and industrial distribution
of workforce
V. Employment Status of Workers
VI. Multiplicity of Employment
VII. Extent of Employment and Unemployment
(i) Average days of employment
(ii) Extent of unemployment
VIII. Income and Earnings
(i) Household income
(ii) Wages
IX. Conclusion
Pattern of Non-Farm Employment and
Rural Enterprise.s
I. Non-Iarni Employment and Incomes :
The Size and Share
II. Pattern of Non-farm Employment
III. Sectoral Composition of Non-farm
Employment by Industry
(i) Non-farm employment by social category
IV. Non-farm Employment by Occupation
V. Non-farm Employment by Household Features
VI. Non-farm Employment by Educational Levels
VII. Determinants of Non-farm Employment
(i) The Logit model
VIII. Sources of Income
(i) Sources of income by social category
and status of blocks
(ii) Determinants of household income
IX. The Heterogeneity in the Non-farm sector
(i) Casual wage workers
(ii) Regular wage/salaried workers
X. Rural Enterprises
(i) Composition of enterprises °
(ii) Nature of operation
(iii) Location of enterprises
/ (iv) Employment
(v) Education and skill levels
(vi) Access to credit
(vii) Linkages
(a) Input linkages
(b) Output linkages
(viii) Capital use
XI. What Ails these Enterprises?
(i) Structural constraints
(ii) Supply side related constraints
(iii) Demand side related constraints
XII. Conclusion
8. Migration Patterns and Linkages
1. Introduction
II. Typology of Migration
III. Migrating Households and Household
Features
IV. Magnitude of Out-Migration
(i) The Lx>git model
V. Characteristics of Migrant Workers
(i) Age-profile
(ii) Educational status
(iii) Present activity status of migrants
(iv) Status of employment and occupation
of migrants
(v) Mean earnings
(vi) Remittance
(vii) Frequency of remittance
(viii) Contribution to household income
(ix) Year of migration
(x) Frequency of visit
VI. Reasons of Migration
VII. Uses of Remittances
VIII.Linkag es
(i) Labour market links
'(ii) Remittance links
(iii) Communication links
IX. Conclusion
9. Summary and Conclusions and Policy
Imperatives
I. Diversity in Mountain Economies
II. Uttarakhand Hill Region—Case of
Underdeveloped Region
(i) Employment, labour market features
and economy
(ii) Household characteristics—field enquiry
(iii) Employment, unemployment and earnings
(iv) Non-farm employment and rural enterprise;
(v) Migration patterns and linkages
III. Policy Implications
(i) Diversification strategy
(ii) Migration- a livelihood option
(iii) Development of appropriate
educational and skill structure
(iv) Micro-enterprises and its linkages