Heliophysics/ space stroms and radiation:causes and effects Carolus J Schrijver & George L Siscoe

Cover; Half-title; Title; Copyright; Contents; Preface; Editors' notes; Additional resources; 1 Perspective on heliophysics; 1.1 Universal processes: "laws" of space weather; 1.2 Pressure, gravity, and electromagnetism; 1.3 Structure and dynamics of the local cosmos; 1.4 Energetic particles; 1.5 Weather and climate in space; 1.6 Universal processes in the local cosmos and instrumentation; 2 Introduction to space storms and radiation; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Uncovering the Sun-Earth connection; 2.3 Human impacts of space weather; 2.3.1 Magnetic compasses; 2.3.2 Telegraphy. 2.3.3 Electrical power grids2.4 Impacts of solar flares; 2.5 The satellite era; 2.5.1 Electrostatic discharges; 2.5.2 Energetic particles and solar proton events; 2.6 How bad can it get?; 2.7 Outside the box; 2.8 Space weather awareness; 2.9 Space weather forecasting; 3 In-situ detection of energetic particles; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 What needs to be measured and how it is measured?; 3.3 Geometrical factor of detectors; 3.4 Energy loss of energetic particles by ionization; 3.5 Simple particle detectors; 3.5.1 Gas-filled counters; 3.5.2 Channeltron; 3.5.3 Microchannel plate. 3.5.4 Semiconductor detectors3.5.5 Scintillation detectors; 3.6 Energy analyzers; 3.6.1 Faraday cup and retarding potential analyzer; 3.6.2 Spherical section electrostatic analyzers; 3.6.3 Small-angle deflection analyzer (SADA); 3.7 Time-of-flight telescopes; 3.8 Space instruments measuring composition; 3.8.1 Plasma composition spectrometer; 3.8.1.1 The Solar Wind Ion Composition Spectrometer (SWICS); 3.8.1.2 The Fast Imaging Plasma Spectrometer; 3.8.2 Energetic-particle composition spectrometers; 3.8.2.1 The Ultra-Low-Energy Isotope Spectrometer; 3.8.2.2 The Solar Isotope Spectrometer. 3.8.3 Energetic neutral atom composition spectrometers3.8.3.1 High-energy ENA composition spectrometer; 3.8.3.2 Low-energy ENA composition spectrometer; 4 Radiative signatures of energetic particles; 4.1 Overview of the electromagnetic spectrum; 4.1.1 Radio emission; 4.1.2 Far-IR to submm-lambda emission; 4.1.3 Near-infrared, optical, and ultraviolet emission; 4.1.4 EUV/soft-X ray emission; 4.1.5 Hard X-ray/ gamma-ray emission; 4.2 Preliminaries; 4.2.1 Specific intensity, flux density, and brightness temperature; 4.2.2 Thermodynamic equilibrium and departures therefrom. 4.2.3 Radiative transfer4.2.4 Polarization; 4.2.5 Incoherent and coherent radiation; 4.3 Radiation from energetic particles; 4.3.1 Radio emission; 4.3.1.1 Non-thermal gyrosynchrotron radiation; 4.3.1.2 Plasma radiation; 4.3.2 Hard X-ray and gamma-ray radiation; 4.3.2.1 Non-thermal bremsstrahlung; 4.3.2.2 Gamma-ray emission processes; 4.4 New observations, new questions; 4.4.1 Radio observations of flares and CMEs; 4.4.1.1 Shock-associated type III radio bursts; 4.4.1.2 Radio CME; 4.4.1.3 Electron injection and transport in flares; 4.4.1.4 X-ray poor flare; 4.4.1.5 Quasi-periodic oscillations.