Encyclopedia of political communication/ [editors] Lynda Lee Kaid, Christina Holtz-Bacha.

"A SAGE reference publication."

Includes bibliographical references and index.

v. 1. A-L -- v. 2. M-Z.

AARP -- Abdullah II (1962- ) -- Abortion -- Adenauer, Konrad (1876-1967) -- Advocacy Advertising -- Ad Watch -- Affirmative Action -- AFL-CIO -- Agenda Building -- Agenda Melding -- Agenda Setting -- Aging and Politics -- Agnew, Spiro (1918-1996) -- Ailes, Roger (1940- ) -- Al-Asad, Hafiz (1930-2000) -- Alfonsin, Raul (1927- ) -- Al Jazeera Television -- Allende, Salvador (1908-1973) -- All The President's Men -- Al-Sadat, Anwar (1918-1981) -- Alternative Media in Politics -- American Association of Political Consultants -- American Association of Retired Persons -- Americanization -- American-Style Campaigning -- American Voter, the -- Apartheid -- Apathy, Voter -- Apologia -- Arafat, Yasser (1929-2004) -- Arendt, Hannah -- Argentina Democratization Process, Role of the Media -- Argumentation, Political -- Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) -- Attack Advertising -- Authoritarianism -- Aznar, Jose Maria (1953- ) -- Bachelet Jeria, Michelle (1951- ) -- Ballot Initiatives -- Banner Ads -- Ben Ali, Zine el-Abidine (1936- ) -- Bennett, W. Lance -- Berlusconi, Silvio (1936- ) -- Bernstein, Carl -- Biased Assimilation -- Big-Character Posters, China --Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act -- Blair, Tony (1953- ) -- Blogs, Blogging -- Blumler, Jay G. (1924- ) -- Bork, Robert -- Bormann, Ernest G. (1926- ) -- Bouteflika, Abdelaziz (1937- ) -- Bowling Alone -- Brady, James -- Brandt, Willy (1913-1992) -- Brazil, Media and the Political System -- Broder, David (1929- ) -- Buchanan, Patrick (1938- ) -- Buckley V. Valeo -- Bulgaria, Democratization -- Burke, Kenneth -- Bush, George H.W. (1924- ) -- Bush, George W. (1946- ) -- Bush, Laura (1946- ) -- Bush-Rather Confrontation -- Campaign Finance --Campaigns & Elections Magazine -- Candidate, the -- Candidate-Centered Communication -- Candidate Films, Biographical -- Candidates and Their Images -- Canvassing -- Cardoso, Fernando Henrique (1931- ) -- Carrie Chapman Catt Center for Women and Politics -- Cartoons, Political -- Carville, James (1944- ) -- Castro, Fidel (1926/1927- ) -- Celebrities in Politics -- Censorship, Political -- Center for the Study of the American Electorate -- Chaffee, Steven H. (1935-2001) -- Chappaquiddick -- Chavez, Cesar -- Chávez, Hugo (1954- ) -- Chechen Conflict, Russian -- Checkers Speech -- China, Media and Politics in -- Chinese Cultural Revolution -- Chirac, Jacques (1932- ) -- Chisholm, Shirley (1924-2005) -- Christian, George -- Churchill, Sir Winston (1874-1965) -- Cicero -- Citizen Journalism -- Citizen Kane -- Civic Engagement -- Civic Journalism -- Civil Rights Movement -- Clinton, Hillary Rodham (1947- ) -- Clinton, William Jefferson (1946- ) -- CNN (Cable News Network) -- Coburg-Gotha, Simeon Saxe (1937- ) -- Collor De Mello, Fernando (1949- ) -- Comejo, Peter -- Commander in Chief -- Daily Show, the -- Daisy Girl Ad -- Dealignment -- Dean, Howard (1948- ) -- Debates -- Debatewatch -- Deciding What's News -- Defamation of Character -- De Gaulle, Charles (1890-1970) -- Deliberation -- Deliberative Democracy -- Demirel, Suleyman (1924- ) -- Democracy Theories -- Democratic Engagement -- Democratic National Committee -- Democratic Party -- Democratization, Role of the Media in -- Demography -- Deng Xiaoping (1904-1997) -- Denton, Robert E., Jr. (1953- ) -- Dependency Theory, Media -- Dewey, John -- Diffusion of Innovations -- Digital Divide -- Direct Action Protest, Australia -- Direct Democracy -- Direct Mail -- Dole, Elizabeth (1936- ) -- Dole, Robert (1923- ) -- Donsbach, Wolfgang (1949- ) -- Downs, Anthony -- Dramatistic Approaches to Political Communication -- Dukakis, Michael (1933- ) -- Eagleton, Thomas -- Ecevit, Bulent (1925-2006) -- Economic Theory of Democracy, an -- Edelman, Murray (1919-2001) -- Editorials -- Effects of Mass Communication, The E-Government -- Eisenhower, Dwight D. (1890-1969) -- Electoral Systems -- E-Mail, Political Uses -- Embedded Journalists -- Endorsements, Political -- Entman, Robert (1949- ) -- Equal Time Provision -- Erdogan, Recep Tayyip (1954- ) -- Eurobarometer -- European Association of Political Consultants -- European Commission -- European Convention on Human Rights -- European Court of Justice -- European Parliament -- European Parliamentary Elections -- European Union -- European Union, Media Policy -- E-Voting -- Experimental Studies -- Face-to-Face Communication -- Fahrenheit 9/11 -- Fairness Doctrine -- Falklands-Malvinas War -- Fantasy Theme Analysis -- Fear Appeals, Use in Politics -- Federal Communications Commission -- Federal Election Campaign Act -- Federal Election Commission -- Federal Trade Commission -- Feminine Style in Communication -- Feminist Movement -- Feminist Theory -- Ferraro, Geraldine (1935--) -- Film and Politics -- Fireside Chats -- First Amendment -- First Ladies, Political Communication of -- Fitzwater, Marlin -- Fleischer, Ari (1960-- ) -- Focus Groups -- Ford, Betty (1918-- ) -- Ford, Gerald (1913-2006) -- Four Theories of the Press -- Fourth Estate, Media as -- Fox, Vicente (1942-- ) -- Fox News -- Framing -- Franken, Al (1951-- ) -- Free Airtime -- Freedom Forum Media Studies Center -- Freedom of Information -- Freedom of Information Act -- Freedom of the Press -- Fundraising -- Gallup Polls -- Gandhi, Indira (1917-1984) -- Gatekeeping -- Gender and Politics -- Gender Gap -- Gerbner, George (1919-2005) -- German Unification, Role of the Media -- Gingrich, Newt (1943--) -- Giscard D'Estaing, Valery (1926--) -- Giuliani, Rudy (1944-- ) -- Glasgow Media Group -- Glasnost -- Globalization -- Goebbels, Joseph (1897-1945) -- Goffman, Erving -- Goldwater, Barry (1909-1998) -- Gonzalez Marquez, Felipe (1942-- ) -- Gorbachev, Mikhail (1931--) -- Gore, Albert (1948--) -- Government Communication -- Graber, Doris A. (1923-- ) -- Graduate School of Political Management -- Graham, Katherine -- Grassroots Campaigning -- Great Debates, the -- Greeley, Horace (1811-1872) -- Green Party -- Group Decision Making, Political -- Groupthink in Politics -- Guggenheim, Charles (1924-2002) -- Gulf War, Media Coverage of -- Gurevitch, Michael -- Habermas, Jurgen -- Hagerty, James C. -- Haider, Jorg (1950-- ) -- Hallin, Daniel C. (1953-- ) -- Handbook of Political Communication, the -- Hanson, Pauline (1954-- ) -- Hard Money -- Hard News -- Harris, Fred (1930-- ) -- Hart, Gary (1936-- ) -- Hart, Roderick P. (1945-- ) -- Hassan II, King (1929-1999) -- Hate Speech -- Havel, Vaclav (1936-- ) -- Hearst, William Randolph (1863-1951) -- Helsinki Process -- Heuristics in Political Decision Making -- Hill, Anita -- Hill-Thomas Hearings -- Hitler, Adolf (1889-1945) -- Holtz-Bacha, Christina (1953-- ) -- Hong Kong Handover -- Horserace Coverage -- Horton, Willie -- Hostile Media Effect -- Humor in Politics -- Humphrey, Hubert H. (1911-1978) -- Hungary, Communication and Politics -- Hussein I, King (1935-1999) -- Ideology -- Image, Political -- Image, the -- Impression Management -- Inaugural Addresses, Presidential -- Incumbent, Incumbency -- Indexing Theory -- Information, Political -- Information Flow, Global -- Information Society -- Information Technology in Politics -- Infotainment -- Inoculation, Political -- Intercultural Communication, Dimensions -- Interest Groups in Politics -- Internet in Politics -- Interpersonal Communication -- Iowa Caucuses -- Iraq War, Media Coverage of -- Isocrates -- Issue Management -- Issue Ownership -- Issues, Policy -- Issues in Campaigns -- Jackson, Jesse (1941-- ) -- Jamieson, Kathleen Hall (1946-- ) -- Johnson, Lyndon B. (1908-1973) -- Jordan, Barbara (1936-1996) -- Journalism, Political -- Kaid, Lynda Lee (1948-- ) -- Kapital, Das -- Katz, Elihu (1926-- ) -- Kekkonen, Urho (1900-1986) -- Kennedy, Edward (Ted) (1932-- ) -- Kennedy, Jacqueline -- Kennedy, John F. (1917-1963) -- Kennedy, Robert F. (1925-1968) -- Kennedy Assassination -- Kenyatta, Jomo (1890-1978) -- Kepplinger, Hans Mathias (1943-- ) -- Kerry, John (1943-- ) -- Khrushchev, Nikita (1894-1971) -- Kibaki, Mwai (1931-- ) -- Kids Voting USA -- King, Martin Luther, Jr. (1929-1968) -- King Assassination -- Klapper, Joseph (1917-1984) -- Knowledge Gap -- Kohl, Helmut (1930-- ) -- Kraus, Sidney (1927-- ) -- Kreisky, Bruno (1970-1983) -- Kwasniewski, Aleksander (1954-- ) -- Labour Party, Britain -- Laduke, Winona -- Lamb, Brian -- Lang, Gladys Engel (1919-- ) -- Lang, Kurt (1924-- ) -- Language and Politics -- Lasswell, Harold (1902-1978) -- Late Night Talk Shows -- Latinos and Politics, Media -- Lazarsfeld, Paul F. (1901-1976) -- Lehrer, Jim (1934-- ) -- Lenin, Vladímir I. (1870-1924) -- Le Pen, Jean-Marie (1928-- ) -- Letters to the Editor -- Lewinsky, Monica (1973-- ) -- Libel -- Libertarian Party -- Limbaugh, Rush (1951-- ) -- Limited Effects Theory -- Lippmann, Walter (1889-1974) -- Lobbying, Lobbyist -- Loukanov, Andrey (1938-1996). Machiavelli, Niccolo (1469-1527) -- Malcolm X -- Mancini, Paolo (1948- ) -- Mandela, Nelson (1918- ) -- Mandelson, Peter (1953- ) -- Mao Zedong (1893-1976) -- Marx, Karl (1818-1883) -- Mass Nonviolent Protest, Australia -- Mass Political Behavior -- Matalin, Mary (1953- ) -- Matching Funds -- Mazzoleni, Gianpietro (1946- ) -- Mccain, John (1936- ) -- McCarthy, Joseph -- McCarthy Hearings -- McClellan, Scott -- McCombs, Maxwell (1938- ) -- McConnell, Mitchell -- McConnell V. Federal Election Commission -- McCurry, Michael -- McGovern, George (1922- ) -- McGovern Library and Center for Public Service and Leadership -- McLuhan, Marshall (1911-1980) -- McQuail, Denis (1935- ) -- Media Bias -- Media Buying in Politics -- Media Consultants -- Media Events -- Media Feeding Frenzy -- Media Logic -- Mediated Political Realities -- Mediatization -- Medium is the Massage, the -- Medium Theory -- Meir, Golda (1898-1978) -- Memory Congeniality Effect -- Menem, Carlos (1930- ) -- Merkel, Angela (1954- ) -- Metacoverage -- Methodology -- Milton, John -- Minimum Effects Theory -- Minorities, Role in Politics -- Mitsotakis, Konstantinos -- Mitterrand, Francois (1916-1996) -- Modernization -- Mohammed VI (1963- ) -- Moi, Daniel Arap (1924- ) -- Morales, Evo (1959- ) -- Moseley Braun, Carol (1947- ) -- Motivated Reasoning -- Moyers, William (Bill) (1934- ) -- MTV Rock the Vote -- Mubarak, Hosni (1928- ) -- Muckrakers, Muckraking -- Muhammed Cartoon Events -- Murrow, Edward R. (1908-1965) -- Music and Politics -- Muskie, Edmund (1914-1996) -- Myers, Dee Dee -- NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) -- Nader, Ralph (1934- ) -- Napolitan, Joseph -- Nasser, Gamal Abdel (1918-1970) -- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) -- National Association of Broadcasters -- National Public Radio (NPR) -- Nature of Prejudice, the -- Negative Advertising -- Negative Campaigning -- Negativity in News -- New Media Technologies -- New Right -- News: The Politics of Illusion -- News Coverage, Politics -- News Magazines -- News Management -- Newspapers, Role in Politics -- News Selection Process -- New York Times, the -- Nightline -- Nimmo, Dan (1933-2004) -- Nixon, Richard M. (1913-1994) -- Noelle-Neumann, Elisabeth (1916- ) -- Norris, Pippa -- Nyerere, Julius (1922-1999) -- Obama, Barack (1961- ) -- Obscenity and Pornography -- Onassis, Jacqueline Kennedy (1929-1994) -- Op-Ed Piece -- Opinion Leaders -- O'Reilly, Bill (1942- ) -- Orientation, Need For -- Oswald, Lee Harvey -- Ownership of Media Outlets -- PAC -- Pack Journalism -- Paid Media -- Palestine Liberation Organization -- Paletz, David -- Palme, Olof (1927-1986) -- Papandreou, Andreas (1919-1996) -- Parasocial Relationships in Politics -- Participation, Political -- Party Election Broadcasts -- Party Identification -- Party Press -- Patterson, Thomas -- PBS (Public Broadcasting Service) -- Pentagon Papers, the -- People's Choice, the -- Peron, Juan 1895-1974) -- Peron, Maria Eva Duarte de (1919-1952) -- Perot, Ross (1930- ) -- Personal Campaigning -- Personal Influence -- Personalization of Politics -- Persuasion, Political -- Pew Internet & American Life Project -- Pew Research Center for the People & the Press -- Pharisee Effect -- Plato -- Pluralistic Ignorance -- Poland, Democratization -- Political Action Committees (PACS) -- Political Advertising -- Political Advertising, Independent -- Political Advertising, Radio -- Political Advertising, Women Candidates -- Political Alienation -- Political Ballads, Songs -- Political Branding -- Political Campaign Communication -- Political Commercial Archive -- Political Communication -- Political Communication Center -- Political Communication Review -- Political Conflict -- Political Consultants -- Political Correctness -- Political Corruption -- Political Culture -- Political Cynicism -- Political Disaffection -- Political Efficacy -- Political Engagement -- Political Information -- Political Information Efficacy --Political Information Processing -- Political Involvement -- Political Knowledge -- Political Leadership -- Political Marketing -- Political Parties -- Political Prisoners -- Political Satire -- Political Scandal -- Political Socialization -- Political Spin -- Political Trust -- Politics, Policy, Polity -- Politics, the -- Polls -- Pooled Journalism -- Populism -- Posters, Political -- Presentation of Self in Everyday Life, the -- Presidential Communication -- Press and Politics -- Press Conferences -- Press Freedom -- Press Law of 1766, Sweden -- Press Secretary, White House -- Press Theories -- Primaries -- Priming -- Prince, the -- Processing the News -- Professionalization -- Pro-Life Movement -- Propaganda -- Proportional Representation -- Propositions -- Protests, Political -- Pseudo-Event -- Psychographics in Politics -- Psychology of Radio, the -- Public Address, Political -- Public Affairs, Communication in -- Public Broadcasting Service -- Public Communication in Politics -- Public Funding -- Public Journalism -- Public Opinion -- Public Relations, Political -- Public Service Broadcasting -- Public Sphere -- Pundits, Punditry -- Putin, Vladimir (1952- ) -- Quayle, Dan (1947- ) -- Rabin, Yitzhak (1922-1995) -- Race in Politics -- Radio, Politics and -- Radio Addresses -- Radio Free Europe -- Radio Political Advertising -- Rather, Dan (1931- ) -- Rawlings, Jerry (1947- ) -- Reagan, Nancy (1921- ) -- Reagan, Ronald (1911-2004) -- Red Lion Broadcasting Co. V. FCC -- Reedy, George -- Reeves, Rosser -- Referendum -- Reform Party -- Religion in Politics -- Religious Right -- Reporters without Borders -- Republican National Committee -- Republican Party -- Reputation in Politics -- Resonance Theory -- Responsive Chord, the -- Revolution, Political -- Rhetoric, Political -- Rhetoric, the -- Rhetorical Criticism -- Rice, Condoleezza (1954- ) -- Richards, Ann (1933-2006) -- Right-to-Life Movement -- Rivera, Geraldo (1943- ) -- Rock the Vote -- Rogers, Everett M. (1931-2004) -- Roosevelt, Eleanor (1884-1962) -- Roosevelt, Franklin D. (1882-1945) -- Royal Commission on the Press -- Ruby, Jack -- Russia, Democratization and Media -- Rwanda Genocide, Role of Media -- Sabato, Larry (1948- ) -- Salinger, Pierre -- Sanders, Keith R. (1939- ) -- Saturday Night Live -- Schemas, Political -- Schramm, Wilbur (1907-1987) -- Schroder, Gerhard (1944- ) -- Schroeder, Patricia (1940- ) -- Schulz, Winfried (1938- ) -- Schussel, Wolfgang (1945- ) -- Schwartz, Tony (1923- ) -- Schwarzenegger, Arnold (1947- ) -- Second-Order Election -- Segregation -- Selective Attention -- Selective Elaboration -- Selective Processes, Exposure, Perception, Memory -- Selling of the President 1968, the -- Senghor, Leopold Sedar (1906-2001) -- September 11 Attacks -- Sharon, Ariel (1928- ) -- Shaw, Donald -- Shield Laws -- Shriver, R. Sargent -- Simitis, Konstantinos (1936- ) -- Sleeper Effect -- Social Marketing -- Social Responsibility Theory -- Soft Money -- Soft News -- Solidarity Movement -- Sorensen, Theodore C. -- Sound Bite -- Speeches, Presidential -- Spiegel Affair -- Spin, Political -- Spin Alley -- Spin Doctor -- Spiral of Silence -- Starr, Kenneth -- Starr Report -- State of the Union Address -- Stephanopoulos, George (1961- ) -- Stevenson, Adlai (1900-1965) -- Stewart, Jon -- Strategic Communication -- Strauss, Franz Josef -- Stringer -- Supreme Court, Media and the -- Survey Research -- Survey Research Center -- Symbolic Convergence Theory -- Symbolic Uses of Politics, the -- Systems Theory -- Tabloids --Talk Radio, Political -- Talk Shows, Television -- Tampa Incident -- Technodistortions -- Telecommunications Act of 1996 -- Television and Politics -- Television in Politics -- Television Political Advertising -- Terrorism and Media -- Testimonials, Political -- Thatcher, Margaret (1925- ) -- Third-Person Effect -- Thomas, Clarence -- Ticket Splitting -- Tripp, Linda -- Trippi, Joe (1956- ) -- Triumph of the Will -- Turnout, Voter -- Two-Step Flow Model of Communication -- Underground Media -- UNESCO Media Policy -- Unions, Political Activity -- United States Information Agency -- Unseeing Eye, the -- Uses and Gratifications Approach -- Uzan, Cem (1960- ) -- Vanderbilt Television News Archive -- Vargas, Getulio (1882-1954) -- Verbal Style -- Video Games, Political -- Videostyle -- Viguerie, Richard -- Virtuous Circle, A. -- Voice of America -- Voter Behavior -- Voter News Service -- Vranitzky, Franz (1937- ) -- Waldheim, Kurt --Waldheim Affair -- Walesa, Lech (1943- ) -- Wallace, George (1919-1998) -- War Coverage -- War of the Worlds, the -- Warren Commission --Washington Post, the -- Watergate -- Watts, J.C. (1957- ) -- Watts Riots -- Weaver, David H. (1947- ) -- Web Campaigning -- Web Site -- Webstyle -- Welfare Policy -- Wellstone, Paul (1944-2002) -- West Wing, the -- White House Press Corps -- Whitewater Scandal -- Why We Fight Series -- Will, George (1941- ) -- Willie Horton Ad -- Wilson, Harold (1916-1995) -- Wolfsfeld, Gadi (1951- ) -- Women Candidates, Advertising -- Women Candidates, News Coverage -- Woodward, Bob -- World Association for Public Opinion Research -- World Wide Web, Political Uses -- Yassine, Abdessalam (1928- ) -- Yellow Journalism -- Yeltsin, Boris (1941-2007) -- Youth Voting -- Zhelev, Zhelyu (1935- ) -- Zhivkov, Todor (1911-1998) -- Ziegler, Ronald.