Society in India/ David Goodman Mandelbaum

Contents of Volume One
PART I: INTRODUCTION i
1. Task, Concepts, and Scope 3 The concepts of social system and of caste order, 4 The nature of the evidence, 8 The scope, the time, the foctis, 9
2. The Basic Groups and Groupings 13 Jati, 13 . Flexibilities in jatd relations and roles, 16 Groups and groupings within the jatd, 17 Jatd-cluster, 19 Varna: villagers' theory and theorists' fallacy, 22 Component groups and social concepts, 27
PART II: FAMILY AND KINSHIP RELATIONS 31
3. Family 33
Ideal model and actual form, 34 Hierarchy in family roles, 37 Family functions, 41 Changes in relations within a family, 45 Economic factors in family form, 47 Differences among regions, 54
4. Family Roles: Boy and Man 58 As son: filial respect and its consequences, 58 As brother to brother: partners and sometimes rivals, 63 As brother to sister: durable bond, 67 As mother's brother: supportive kinsman, 71 As husband: social and personal gains, 74 Other roles and social consequences, 78 Family Roles: Girl and Woman 82 As daughter: the brief sojourn, 82 As young wife: great transition and critical role, 84 As matron: increasing influence,. 88
The women of the famfly: expected friction and central importance, 90
6. Family Cycle: Formation and Maintenance 95 The recruitment of males and females, 96 Marriage as a test of status, 98 Explicit rules for marriage alliances, lor Implicit rules and gener^ procedures, 104 Precautions: astrology and pre-puberty marriage, no Marriage links and communicaaon among villages, 112 The wedding, 115
7. Family Cycle: Growth and Completion 119 The growth phase: the rearing of children, 119 A cross-cultural study of child rearing, 123 The dispersal phase, 125 The family as module and as model, 130
8. The Wider Ties of Kinship 134 The lineage, 136 ' Lineage ties and ritual functions, 137 Lineage ties in economic and jural affairs, 139 The clan, 144 Gotra and other terms for kinship groupings, 145 Feminal kin, 148 Fictive kinsliip, 151 The uses of lunship, 152 Kinship bonds in North and in South India, 156 R6sum6, 158
PART ni: RELATIONS AMONG PEOPLE OF DIFFERENT JATIS 159
9. The Interdependence of Families and Jatds 161 Contractual and jajmani relations, 161 Specialized jatis and multiple functions, 164 Jajmani payments and obligations, 167 Supply, demand, and flexible payments, 169 Enforcement of jajmani relations: coercion and consensus, 172 Change and continuity in jajmani relations, 174 Solutions to the problems of interdependence, 179 10. Criteria for the Ranking of Jatis ' igi R^k-free contexts of behavior, 182 , Wtual criteria: personal pollution and purity, 184 Roles that require special purity, 188 Corporate pollution and jati rank, 189 *'• The Social Relevance of Ritual Pollution and Purity 192 The contagion of pollution, 193 Extrapolations of the ritual criteria, 195 Ingestion as a ritual and sodal act, 196
The ritual and social bearings of sexual acts, loi Means of purification and ideas about pollution, aoz
12. Secular Criteria and the Attribution of Jati Rank 206
The application of secular influence, 207 The sources of power, 208 The reciprocal use of ritual and secular resources, 210 The attribution of rank according to jati blocs, 213 Consensus and dissention about rank order, 216
13. Cultural Variations and the Jati Order 222
Differences in religious practices, 223 Cultural contrasts and their social effects, 225 Resume, 228
PART IV: RELATIONS WITHIN THE JATI 233
14. Alliances and Sections within the Jati 235 Hypergamy and hypergamous sections, 236 Alliances within a jati-group, 240 The bases of alliance strength, 244 Alliance cohesion, 247
15. Opposition and Cohesion within the Jati-group 253
Challenges and realignments, 254 Alliance development and variations in alliance formation, 257 Forces for jati-group cohesion, 265
16. Maintaining the Jati: Leaders and Panchayats 269
Leaders: tasks and motives, 270 Attributes of leaders and methods of leadership, 273 Panchayat as pattern of action, 278 Panchayat participants and procedure, 286
17. The Uses of Panchayats ^94
Redress of ritual lapses, 295 Problems of enforcement and jurisdiction, 300 Dispute resolution and government courts, 30J: The domains of court and of panchayat, 311 18. Jati Enterprises and Functions 3'*^ Jati enterprises, 316 Variations in jati organization, 3'9 _ Jati as means of identity and as social unit, 321
Contents of Volume Two
PART V: VILLAGE, REGION, CIVILIZATION 325
19. Village: Separate Hearths and Common Home 327 Village solidarity, 329 Settlement patterns and solidary relations, 337 Exonomic and other influences on village organization, 342 Village oflSces: the headman, 345 Village offices: the accountant and others, 348 Villagers together and apart, 352 20. The Village: Internal Regulation 358 Dominant jatis, 358 Dynamics of dominance, 363 Village panchayat, 367 Village alliances and changes in power, 372
21. The Wider Ties of Village: Centers and Regions 38; Centers and hinterlands: villagers and townsmen, 381 \ Link roles, 386 Regions: of the observer and of the participant, 388 Regional identification and situational context, 393 Regional change and the rise of regionalism, 397 Regional loyalties and wider identifications, 401 22. The Villager and Some Perennial Problems of Civilization 405 Larger systems of biology and ecology, 406 Dual functions in economics, politics, and religion, 409 Special roles, 414 Roles and fields of action, 418 Village, civilization, and change, 421 PART VI: RECURRENT CHANGE THROUGH SOCIAL MOBILITY 425
• 23. Jati Mobility Competition among jatis, 427 Conditions for mobility, 432 _ Special resistances to change in iati status, 436 Personal ambitions and systemic counterchange, 439
24. Culraral Adaptations and Models for Mobility 441 Change of name and customs, 445 Varna as reference category, 448 Kshatriya models, 452 Brahmin models, 455 Vaishya and Shudra models, 460 Reference groups, 462 Modernization as reference category, 464
25. Mobility Tactics: Overcoming External Opposition 468 Contingency and individual influence, 469 Individual passing and percolation, 471 The jati campaign, 473 Steps toward higher rank, 476 Different routes of advance, 480 Jati leaders and leading groups, 484 26. Maintaining Internal Cohesion: Fission and Fusion 487
Fission, 488 Jati separation and political affiliaaon: the Jatavs, 493 Forces for fusion, 496 »7- Modem Means for Jati Improvement: Associations and Federations 5°°
A jati confederacy revived, jor A religious foundation; the Iravas of Keral^ 502 A modernized panchayat organization: TeUs of Orissa, 503 Caste associations of Kanpur City, 506 An incipient association: potters of UP., 507 Political engagement: the Varmiyar Association, 508 Political engagement: the Nadar Association, 510 Federation: the Kshatriya Sabha of Gujarat, 514 Wider ties and deeper change, 516
PART Vn- RECURRENT CHANGE THROUGH REUGIOUS AND ' TRIBAL MOVEMENTS 5"
28. Social Regrouping through Indigenous Religions 523 Individual choice and religious change, 525 A modem religious movement in Madras City, 528 From casteless cult to sectarian jati, 531 Indigenous Religions, 533 Jains, 534 Lingayats, 536
Persond conversion and systemic stability, 543 Social Aspects of Introduced Religions: Muslims Religious differences and social similarities, 546 Mu^ns of Uttar Pradesh, 549
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545
Villages of West Pakistan, 551 Social mobility among Muslims, 553 Islamization and modern adaptation, 557
30. Social Aspects of Introduced Religions: Jews, Parsis, Christians 5^
Jews; two settlements, five jatis, 560 Parsis, 563 r j ^ Christians of the earlier and the later foundation, 564 A Christian jati: Nadars of Tamil Nadu, 569 Religious conversion and recurrent change, 57' 31. The Accretion of Tribal Peoples 573 Tribe; official designation and actual characteristics, 574 Tribal and jati characteristics compared, 576 The shift toward jati values, 585 Attractions and repulsions of jati society, 588 32. Direction of Tribal Change ^93 Tactical problems and long-range trends, 593 Konds of Baderi Village, Orissa, 595 Kotas of the Nilgiri Hills, Tamil Nadu, 599 Bhumij of Barabhum, West Bengal, 603 Bhotias of Johar Valley, Uttw Pradesh, 610 Santals of the Jamshedpur Vicinity, Bihar, 613 Social transitions and systemic stages, 616
PART VIII: CONTINUITIES AND TRET'IDS 33. Psychological Forces, Social Processes, and Systemic Shift 623 Themes of personal behavior, 624 Competition and conflict as systemic processes, 627 Adaptive capacities, 628 Social mobility and system maintenance, 630 Recurrent and systemic change, 633 630 34, Trends Drives and hindrances to socid change 636 Misconceptions about social change, 638 Family changes and continuides, 642 Shifts in family roles and obli^aons, 646 Changes in marriage patterns, 651 A paradigm of change, 654 APPENDDC: the CONCEPTS OF SYSTEM AND OF ^ STRATIFICATION
Uses of the concepts, 660 What kind of systtmb a'c»te system jibu„^phy-.
BIBLIOGRAPHY