Ending violence against women: from words to action/ United Nations. Division for the Advancement of Women.

1. Introduction --
Scope of the study --
Methodology --
2. Overview --
Introduction --
International attention : the women's movement and the United Nations --
Violence against women : a form of discrimination and human rights violation --
Consequences of addressing violence against women as a human rights concern --
Integrating violence against women and expanding the scope of action --
Challenges and obstacles --
3. The context and causes of violence against women --
Introduction --
The broad context and structural causes of violence against women --
Patriarchy and other relations of dominance and subordination --
Culture and violence against women --
Economic inequalities and violence against women --
Causal and risk factors for violence against women --
Use of violence in conflict resolution --
Doctrines of privacy --
State inaction --
Risk factors for violence --
Implications for state and intergovernmental action. 4. Forms, consequences and costs of violence against women --
Introduction --
Forms and manifestations of violence against women in various settings --
Violence against women within the family --
Intimate partner violence --
Harmful traditional practices --
Violence against women in the community --
Femicide : the gender-based murder of a woman --
Sexual violence by non-partners --
Sexual harassment and violence in the workplace, educational institutions and in sport --
Trafficking in women --
Violence against women perpetrated or condoned by the state --
Custodial violence against women --
Forced sterilization --
Violence against women in armed conflict --
Violence against women and multiple discrimination --
Areas requiring enhanced attention --
Health consequences --
Social and intergenerational impacts --
Economic costs of violence against women. 5. Collection data on violence against women --
Introduction --
Population-based surveys --
Gaps and challenges in population-based data on violence against women --
Types of violence measured --
Ethical and safety issues --
Study design and implementation --
Other sources of data and information on violence against women --
Service-based data --
Health services --
Criminal and civil justice sectors --
Other services --
Gaps and challenges in service-based data on violence against women --
Qualitative data collection --
Evaluation research --
Forms of violence against women that are under-documented --
Femicide --
Sexual violence against women in armed conflict and post-conflict situations --
Trafficking in women and girls --
Sexual harassment and violence in workplaces and schools --
Violence in institutional settings and correctional facilities --
Indicators on violence against women --
Improving data collection on violence against women. 6. The responsibility of the state to address violence against women --
Introduction --
State responsibility --
Addressing violence against women --
Legal and policy framework --
Criminal justice system --
Investigation --
Prosecution and punishment of perpetrators of violence against women --
Remedies for victims of violence against women --
Support services --
Modifying attitudes and behaviour --
Capacity-building and training --
Data and statistics --
Gaps in implementation of international standards at the national level --
Legislation and its implementation --
Training --
Provision of services --
Attitudes and stereotypes --
Data and research --
Actions to be taken by states to meet their international obligations. 7. Promising practices and challenges for implementation --
Introduction --
Promising practices in law --
Guiding principles for promising practices in law and the justice system --
Legal framework --
Enactment of laws --
Implementation of laws --
Monitoring laws --
Periodic review and revision of laws --
Criminal law --
Prosecution and punishment of perpetrators --
Protection of victims' rights --
Civil remedies --
Specialized laws and procedures to address violence against women --
Other areas of law --
The application of international law by national courts --
Promising practices in the provision of services --
Guiding principles for promising practices in the provision of services --
Forms of service provision --
Health services --
Sexual assault centres --
Hotlines and helplines --
Shelters --
Self-help groups and counselling services --
Legal services --
Services for victims of trafficking --
Services for victims/survivors of violence against women during and after armed conflict --
Coordination and multiagency work --
Promising practices in prevention --
Guiding principles of promising practices in prevention --
Prevention strategies --
Advocacy and campaigns --
Community mobilization --
Working with men --
Using the news media and information technology --
Promoting public safety --
Education and capacity-building --
Other prevention strategies --
Challenges for implementation --
Inconsistent efforts and inadequate resources indicating a lack of political will --
Lack of a comprehensive and integrated approach --
Lack of funding --
Failure to end impunity --
The intersection of multiple forms of discrimination --
Lack of evaluation. 8. Conclusion and recommendations --
Conclusion --
End impunity and take action to address violence against women --
Recommendations at the national level --
Secure gender equality and protect women's human rights --
Exercise leadership to end violence against women --
Close the gaps between international standards and national laws, policies and practices --
Strengthen the knowledge base on all forms of violence against women to inform policy and strategy development --
Build and sustain strong multisectoral strategies, coordinated nationally and locally --
Allocate adequate resources and funding --
Recommendations at the international level --
Intergovernmental level --
United Nations system. Tables --
1. Sexual violence against women in conflict settings --
Boxes --
1. Definitions of violence against women --
2. The Beijing Platform for Action --
3. Prevention and responding to violence against women : the United Nations system--
4. Guidelines on violence against women by the specialized agencies and other bodies of the United Nations --
5. Selected instruments of law, policy and practice on violence against women --
6. Multi-country surveys on violence against women --
7. Prevalence and incidence --
8. World Health Organization ethical and safety recommendations for research on domestic violence against women --
9. Issues that affect the comparability of data on violence against women --
10. Examples of international and regional jurisprudence on violence against women --
11. National laws on violence against women --
12. One-stop centres --
13. Duluth model of a coordinated community approach to domestic violence --
Annex 1 --
Prevalence of physical assaults on women by a male partner --
Annex 2 --
Costs of violence against women : selected studies generating a monetary estimate of costs.