Botany for degree students: gymnosperms / P. C. Vasishta, A. K. Sinha and Anil Kumar

1. INTRODUCTION
Characteristic features—Reproductive Organs—Embryogeny—Origin of Gymnospermous Structures— Classification of Gymnosperms—Gymnosperm in India, their distribution and Economic Importance—Comparisions with Pteridophytes and Angiosperms—Indian contribution on Gymnosperm—Progymnospermopsida: Archaeopteris

2. CYCADOPSIDA-PTERIDOSPERMALES
Characteristic Features—Family : Lyginopteridaceae—Family: Medullosaceae-Microsporangiate Organs Attributed to Medullosaceae—Phylogeny of Medullosaceae—Family : Calamopityaceae

3. PTERIDOSPERMALES FAMILY GLOSSOPTERIDACEAE
Glossopteris — Gangamopteris Vertebraria-the Stem or Rhizomes—Male Reproductive Organs—Female Reproductive organs - Fructifications—Habit or Reconstruction of Glossopteris—Affinities of Glossopteris

4. PELTASPERMACEAE AND CORYSTOSPERMACEAE
Lepidopteris-General Structure—Seed Bearing Organ—Pollen Bearing Organ—Family Corystospermaceae—Female Reproductive Organs-Male Reproductive Organs

5. CAYTONIACEAE
Caytonia (Megasporophyll and Microsporophyll)—Structure of the Seed—Microsporophyll (Caytonanthus)—Phylogenetic Relationships

6. BENNETTITALES
History and Distribution of Bennettiales—Characteristic Features of Bennettiales—Features of Cycadeoideaceae—Features of Williamsoniaceae—Features of Wielandiellaceae.

7. PENTOXYLALES
Introduction—Characteristic Features—Reproductive Organs—Affinities with Different Groups

8. CYCADALES
Cycadaceae : Characteristic Features—Reproductive Characters—Economic Importance of Cycads

9. CYCADOPSIDA-(Contd.)
Cycadopsida—Characters and Distribution General—Morphology of Cycadopsida—Secondary Growth—Development of male and Female Gametophyle—Embryogeny—Economic Importance of Cycads—Family Nilssoniaceae

10. CONIFEROPSIDA-CORDAITALES
Order Cordaitales-lntroduction—Diagnostic Characters—Family-Cordaitaceae—Fami ly-Eristophytaceae— Affinities of the Cordaitales

11. CONIFEROPSIDA-GINKGOALES
Ginkgoales: Characteristic Features—Ginkgo-External Characters—Microsporangiate Strobilius—Megasporangiate Strobilus—Gametophytic Generation—Embryogeny—Economic importance of Ginkgoales—Fossil Members of Ginkgoaceae

12. CONIFEROPSIDA-CONIFERALES
Cycadopsida : Economic Importance—Primitive Conifers—Family : Pinaceae : Reproductive Structures—Family : Taxodiaceae— Family : Podocarpaceae—Family : Cephaiotaxaceae— ; Family : Araucariaceae—Family : Lebachiaceae—Family: Voltzaiceae—Family : Palissyaceae—Economic Importance

13. CONIFERALES-LIFE HISTORY OF PINUS
Pinus-External Features—Pinus-Anatomy—Reproduction in Pinus—Pollination in Pinus—Embryogeny in Pinus Alternation of Generations

14. CONIFEROPSIDA-TAXALES
Distribution, Habit and Habitat—Anatomy—Reproduction—Embryogeny—Economic Importance

15. FAMILY—EPHEDRACEAE
Family Ephedraceae Anatomy and Reproduction in Ephedra—Embryology—Economic Importance of Ephedra

16. GNETACEAE
Gnetum : Distribution and Habit—Structure of the Stem—Structure of the Root—Anomalous Secondary Growth in Stem—Reproduction—Endosperm Formation—Economic Importance

17. WELWITSCHIACEAE
Welwistschia : Distribution, Anatomy and Reproduction—Difference Between—Gnetum and Ephedra—Gnetum and Welwitschia—Gnetum and Cycadeoidales—Gnetum and Angiosperms— Affinities of Gnetopsida

18. GENERAL TOPICS
Experimental Embryology & Biotechnology—Female Gametophyte and/ Invitro Gynogenesis—Embryo-Culture—World Distribution of Gymnosperms—Impact of Gymnosperms on Human Society—Gymnosperms; Areas to be explored