Governing China : from revolution through reform / Kenneth Lieberthal.

CHAPTER 1: The Legacies of Imperial China 3
The Imperial Chinese System 3
CONFUCIANISM AS IDEOI.OCY 7
THE EMPEROR 10
THE BUREAUCRACY 12
CHINESE SOCIETY 14
THE ECONOMY 17
LIMITS OF THE IMPERIAL STATE 19
Imperial Collapse 19
DECLINE OF THE QING 20
THE WESTERN CHALLENGE 22
THE QING RESPONSE AND C:OLLAPSE 24
CHAPTER 2: The Republican Era 27
The Early Republican Era 28
THE MAY FOURTH MOVEMENT 29
THE GUOMINDANG 31
The Communist Rise to Power 39
THE PATHS TO POWER 40
Labor Mobilization (1921-23) 40
United Front with the GMD (1924-27) 41
Adapting to the Countryside (1929-34) 43
Strategic Retreat: The Long March (1934-35) 47
The Yan'an Era (1935-47) 48
Fighting a Civil War (1947—49) 52
LEGACIES OF THE CXT'S PATH TO POWER 53
Part Two: POLITICS AND POLICIES SINCE 1949 57
f HAPTFR THE MAOIST SYSTEM: IDEAS /VND GOVERNANCE. 59
The Features of Mao Zedong Thought 60
PROMINENCE OF IDEOLCJCiV 62
VOLUNTARISM 63
Mass Line 64
Champaigns 65
Struggle 68
Egalitarianism 70
ANTI-INTELLECEUALISM 70
ChONTRADICTIONS AND THE UNITED FRONT 72
ChLASSES AND CLASS STRUCCILE 73
SELF-RELIANCE 76
The Governing System 77
CHAPTER 4: THE MAOIST ERA 84
Wielding Power, 1949—76 86
FROM VICTORY, THROUGH RECOVERY, TO SOCIALIST TRANSFORMATION;
1949-56 87
The Setting 87
Gaining Momentum 88
Takeover Politics 97
FROM SUCCESS TO CRISIS: 1956-57 99
LEAPS FORWARD AND BAChKWARD: 1958-61 103
INCREASING TENSION AMID RECOVERY: 1962-65 109
THE GREAT PROLETARIAN CULTURAL REVOLUTION—THE RED GUARD PHASE:
1966-69 112
SETTLING THE SUCCESSION: 1969-76 116
SUMMARY: THE MAOIST SYSTEM 119
CHAPTER 5: THE REFORM ERA 123
Setting the Stage 125
Deng Xiaoping's Reform Impulse 127
Managing the Politics of Reform 131
The Succession Issue 148
SUCCESSION AT THE TOP 148
SUCCESSION STRATEGY 149
THE COLLAPSE OF DENGS SUCCESSION STRATEGY AND JIANGS RISE 152
THE PROSPECTS FOR ELITE SUCCESSION 157
Systemic Succession 158
CHANGES TO DATE 159
THE POLITICAL IMPLICATIONS 166
Part Three: THE POLITICAL SYSTEM i69
CHAPTER 6: THE ORGANIZATION OF POLITICAL POWER AND ITS
CONSEQUENCES: THE VIEW FROM THE OUTSIDE 171
Formal Organizational Structure 173
THE ORGANIZATIONAL CHART AT THE CENTER 173
PROVINCES 179
CITIES 182
COUNTIES 183
TOWNSHIPS 183
UNITS 184
The Matrix Muddle: Tiao/Kuai Giianxi 186
Techniques for Making the System Work 188
IDEOLOGY, DECENTRALIZATION, AND NEGOTIATIONS 189
IMPROVING AND CHANNELING INFORMATION 192
CHAPTER 7: THE ORGANIZATION OF POLITK AL POWER AND ITS
CONSEQUENCES: THE VIEW FROM THE INSIDE 206
The Top Twenty-five to Thirty-five 207
Configurations of Political Power 21')
THE LEADERSHIP SMALL GROUP 215
THE XirONG 218
Party Affairs Xilong 219
Organization Affairs Xilong 220
Propaganda and Education Xilong 222
Political and Legal Affairs Xilong 224
Finance and Economics Xilong 227
Military Xilong 229
Summing Up 232
Party Control of the Government 233
NOMENKLATURA APPOINTMENTS AND INTERI.OGKING DIRECTORATES 234
PARTY CORE GROUPS AND PARTY LIFE 239
The Party's Roles and Challenges 240
Part Four: THE CHALLENGES AHEAD 243
CHAPTER 8: ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 245
Incentives for High Growth 246
Reform Trends 248
Reform Policy Sequences 249
AGRICULTURE 249
THE FISCAL SYSTEM 251
FOREIGN TRADE AND INVESTMENT 254
PLANNING 259
PRICES 261
BANKING 262
CHAPTER 9: THE ENVIRONMENT 273
Environmental Problems Originating before 1978 275
NATURAL RESOURCE ENDOWMENTS 275
MAOISM AND THE ENVIRONMENT 277
Post-1978 Reforms and the Environment 279
The Political Economy of Environmental Management 281
Prognoses 286
CHAPTER 10; THE STATE AND SOCIETY 289
The Maoist State and Chinese Society 290
State-Society Relations under the Reforms 295
LOCAL CADRES IN BETWEEN 297
THE STATE AND SOCIETY 299
HUMAN RIGHTS 301
POLITICAL EQUALITY 304
CHANGES IN SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS AND CLEAVAGES 305
Urban-Rural Incomes 305
Gender 308
Generations 310
Conclusion 311
CHAPTER 11: CHINA FACES THE FUTURE 315
Understanc^g Domestic Developments 316
DECENTRALIZATION AND STABILITY 316
THE CENTER 318
BELOW THE CENTER 321
The Future 321
THE MAJOR DOMESTIC CHALLENGES 322
THE MAJOR TRANSNATIONAL CHALLENGES 326
GLOSSARY OF SELEC.TF.D INDIYlDUAIii CITED IN THE TEXT 337
appendk:es 349
1. Full Text of Jiang Zemins Report at the Sixteenth Party Congress 351
2. Constitution of the Communist Party of China (Amended and adopted at the Sixteenth
National Otngress of the C:ommunist Party of China on 14 November 2002) 385
3. China's State Constitution (Adopted in 1982, with amendments in 1988 1993
and 1999) 407