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SECTION 1 The Environment and People<br/>Introduction A Guide to the Environment<br/>CHAPTER 1 Environmental Science: An Overview <br/>What Is Environmental Science?<br/>Avoiding ¿Information Overload¿<br/>Building a Sustainable World<br/>1.1 The Environment as a System: An Overview<br/>What Is a System?<br/>Three Key Traits of the Environmental System<br/>Society in the Environmental System <br/>1.2 What Is Environmental Impact? <br/>Exponential Growth <br/>Exponential Growth of the Human Population <br/>Exponential Growth of Consumption <br/>Exponential Growth of Environmental Impact <br/>1.3 A Brief History of Environmental Impact <br/>1.4 The Environment as a Commons <br/>1.5 Saving the Commons<br/>Reducing Consumption: Defusing the Bomb of the North <br/>1.6 Promoting Sustainability by Paying True Costs<br/>Reducing Population: Defusing the Bomb of the South <br/>1.7 The Role of the Individual <br/>Values on the Here and Now: Why We Avoid True Costs <br/>A Solution: Values beyond the Self <br/>1.8 Toward a Sustainable World <br/>Visualizing a Sustainable World <br/>Study Guide <br/>Case Study 1-1: Systems and Chaos Theories: Ways to Study Complexity<br/>Case Study 1-2: What Are Your Values? Would You Decline $600,000 to Save a Rainforest? <br/>CHAPTER 2 Human Population Growth <br/>2.1 World Population Changes over Time <br/>Starting Slow: The Lag Phase <br/>The Agricultural (Neolithic) Revolution: Beginning Exponential Growth <br/>Carrying Capacity <br/>Growth Rate and Doubling Time of the World¿s Human Population <br/>2.2 Distribution of the Earth¿s Human Population <br/>2.3 Age Structures <br/>Life Expectancies and Infant Mortality Rates <br/>Total Fertility Rates <br/>Aging of the World Population <br/>2.4 The Consequences of Overpopulation <br/>2.5 The Population of the United States and Canada <br/>2.6 Solving the World¿s Population Problem <br/>Industrialization, Economic Development, and the Demographic Transition <br/>Problems with the Demographic Transition Model <br/>Contraceptives, Abortion, and Reproductive Rights <br/>Female Education and Status <br/>Economic Incentives, Disincentives, and Government Regulation of Childbearing <br/>Population Control around the World <br/>Study Guide <br/>Case Study 2-1: Thomas Malthus, the Original Population Pessimist <br/>Case Study 2-2: Disease and Global Population: The Plague and AIDS <br/>Fundamentals 2-1: Fundamentals: Human Population Equations and Statistics <br/>SECTION 2 The Environment of Life on Planet Earth <br/>CHAPTER 3 The Biosphere: Populations, Communities, Ecosystems, and Biogeochemical Cycles <br/>3.1 Water, Air, and Energy¿Three Major Aspects of the Physical Environment <br/>3.2 Biosphere Interactions: Populations <br/>Population Dynamics <br/>Growth of Populations <br/>Population Stability: Regulation of Growth <br/>The Real World: Complex Interaction of Abundance Controls <br/>Population Decline <br/>Human Impact on Population Growth and Decline <br/>Population Range <br/>3.3 Biosphere Interactions: Communities and Ecosystems <br/>Community Structure <br/>Community Diversity <br/>Community Change through Time <br/>Human Disturbance of Communities <br/>Ecosystems and Community Function <br/>Ecosystem Productivity <br/>Matter Cycling through Ecosystems <br/>3.4 Biogeochemical Cycles: An Introduction <br/>Biogeochemical Cycles: Major Features <br/>Energy Flows <br/>Study Guide <br/>Case Study 3-1: What Is Ecology? <br/>Case Study 3-2: Captive Breeding <br/>Case Study 3-3: Does Extinction Reduce Ecosystem Productivity? How Experimental Ecology Answers Key Questions <br/>CHAPTER 4 The Distribution of Life on Earth <br/>4.1 Evolution of the Biosphere <br/>Evolution through Natural Selection<br/>Diversification of the Biosphere <br/>4.2 What Is Biodiversity? <br/>Measuring Biodiversity <br/>Global Biodiversity: How Many Species? <br/>Biodiversity Today: A Rare Wealth in Time <br/>4.3 Biomes and Communities <br/>Terrestrial Biomes <br/>Aquatic Biomes <br/>Study Guide <br/>Case Study 4-1: Hellbenders and Alligators: The Asia-U.S. Connection <br/>Case Study 4-2: Conservation and the Geography of People <br/>CHAPTER 5 The Dynamic Earth and Natural Hazards <br/>5.1 Workings of Planet Earth Today <br/>Earth and Its Neighboring Planets <br/>Present-Day Structure of the Earth <br/>Plate Tectonics <br/>The Composition of Matter on the Earth <br/>Rocks: Their Origin and the Rock Cycle <br/>The Surface of the Earth: Climate and Weather <br/>Rotation, Orbits, and Seasons <br/>5.2 Origin and Physical Development of the Earth <br/>Origin of the Solar System and Earth <br/>Origin of the Oceans <br/>Origin of the Atmosphere <br/>5.3 Natural Hazards <br/>Earthquakes and Volcanoes <br/>Land Instability <br/>Weather Hazards <br/>Fires <br/>Coastal Hazards <br/>Study Guide <br/>Case Study 5-1: El Niño and Integrated Earth Systems <br/>Case Study 5-2: Predicting Earthquakes <br/>Case Study 5-3: Hurricane Katrina: A Natural Disaster Enhanced by People: <br/>SECTION 3 Resource Use and Management <br/>CHAPTER 6 People and Natural Resources <br/>6.1 Kinds of Resources <br/>6.2 People Managing Resources <br/>6.3 What Is Resource Management? <br/>6.4 Sustaining Resource Use: Preservation, Conservation, and Restoration <br/>A Brief History of Preservation, Conservation, and Restoration <br/>6.5 Who Cares? The Many Values of Natural Resources <br/>6.6 Patterns of Resource Depletion <br/>How Matter Resources Are Depleted <br/>How Energy Resources Are Depleted <br/>Bubble Pattern of Depletion <br/>6.7 Problems with Past Resource Management <br/>Net Yield of Nonrenewable Resources <br/>Maximum Sustainable Yield of Renewable Resources <br/>6.8 Conservation: Reducing the Need for Resources <br/>Ways to Conserve: Efficiency, Recycling, and Substitution <br/>6.9 Resource Economics <br/>Resource Overuse: Ignoring Environmental Costs <br/>Economics of Recycling <br/>6.10 Jobs and Life in a Sustainable World <br/>Study Guide <br/>Case Study 6-1: How to Exceed Maximum Sustained Yield: Overfishing the Oceans <br/>Case Study 6-2: Is This Recycled or Not? <br/>Case Study 6-3: Measuring Consumption: What Is Your Ecological Footprint? <br/>CHAPTER 7 Fundamentals of Energy, Fossil Fuels, and Nuclear Energy <br/>7.1 An Overview of the Current Global Energy Situation <br/>7.2 Power Plants¿Supplying the People with Electricity <br/>Hard versus Soft Energy Technologies <br/>7.3 The Fossil Fuels <br/>Oil <br/>Coal <br/>Natural Gas <br/>Can Fossil Fuel Supplies Increase on a Human Timescale? <br/>Why We Must Stop Burning Fossil Fuels <br/>7.4 Nuclear Power <br/>Principles of Nuclear Power <br/>Uranium Resources <br/>7.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Nuclear Power <br/>The Safety Record of Nuclear Power <br/>Drawbacks of Nuclear Power <br/>Chernobyl and Three Mile Island <br/>Safer Nuclear Reactors <br/>Disposal of Nuclear Wastes <br/>Decommissioning Nuclear Reactors <br/>Global Nuclear Power Today and in the Future <br/>Study Guide <br/>Case Study 7-1: The United States: Sources and Consumption of Energy <br/>Case Study 7-2: The Hidden Costs of Foreign Oil Dependence <br/>Case Study 7-3: The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge <br/>Fundamentals 7-1 Energy, Work, Power, and Thermodynamics <br/>Fundamentals 7-2: Common Measures of Energy and Power <br/>CHAPTER 8 Renewable and Alternative Energy Sources <br/>8.1 Hydropower <br/>Environmental Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydroelectric Energy<br/>8.2 Biomass <br/>Raw Sources of Biomass Energy <br/>Environmental Advantages and Disadvantages of Biomass Energy <br/>8.3 Solar Energy <br/>Direct Use of Solar Energy and Passive Solar Designs <br/>Active Solar Techniques <br/>The Economics of Active Solar Collectors <br/>Electricity from the Sun <br/>Photovoltaics <br/>The Economics of Photovoltaics <br/>Environmental Advantages and Disadvantages of Solar Energy <br/>8.4 Wind Power <br/>8.5 Geothermal Energy <br/>The Disadvantages of Geothermal Energy <br/>8.6 Ocean Energy <br/>8.7 Energy Storage <br/>Electrical Energy Storage <br/>8.8 Energy Conservation <br/>Reducing Consumption of Fossil Fuels <br/>Energy Efficiency at a National Level <br/>Improving Energy Efficiency <br/>Encouraging Energy Savings¿Voluntary versus Mandatory Measures <br/>Study Guide <br/>Case Study 8-1: The Natural Gas Transition to a Solar-Hydrogen Economy <br/>Case Study 8-2: Improving the Fuel Economy of Gasoline-Powered Vehicles <br/>CHAPTER 9 Water Resources <br/>9.1 Water and the Hydrologic Cycle <br/>Water: A Most Unusual Substance <br/>The Hydrologic Cycle <br/>9.2 Water Demand <br/>9.3 Water Supply <br/>Regional Water Shortages: Inequalities in the Hydrologic Cycle <br/>A Global Water Shortage? <br/>Types of Water Resources <br/>9.4 Increasing Our Water Resources <br/>Increased Efficiency <br/>Desalination <br/>Wastewater Reclamation <br/>Dams and Reservoirs <br/>Canals <br/>9.5 Social Solutions to Water Scarcity <br/>Economics of Sustainable Water Use <br/>Legal Control of Water Use <br/>Which Are Better: Economic or Legal Solutions? <br/>Study Guide <br/>Case Study 9-1: The Global Safe Drinking Water Crisis <br/>Case Study 9-2: The Colorado River r <br/>Case Study 9-3: Ogallala Aquifer <br/>CHAPTER 10 Mineral Resources <br/>10.1 Types of Mineral Resources <br/>10.2 Relative Demands and Values of Mineral Resources¿An Overview <br/>10.3 Mineral Deposits, Ores, and Reserves <br/>10.4 Environmental Degradation Due to Mineral Exploitation <br/>10.5 Trends in Mineral Use <br/>10.6 The Economics of Mineral Consumption: What Accounts for the Prices of Minerals? <br/>10.7 Dealing with Mineral Scarcity <br/>Expanding the Resource Base <br/>Recycling <br/>Substitutability <br/>Reducing Consumption: Conservation and Durability <br/>Study Guide <br/>Case Study 10-1: Trading a Mountain for a Hole in the Ground <br/>CHAPTER 11 Conserving Biological Resources <br/>11.1 Measuring What¿s at Risk <br/>Estimating the Unknown <br/>11.2 Biodiversity Loss <br/>Current Biodiversity Loss: Another Mass Extinction? <br/>11.3 What Causes Biodiversity Loss? <br/>Habitat Disruption <br/>Introduced Species <br/>Overhunting <br/>Secondary Extinctions <br/>Minimum Viable Populations <br/>Community and Ecosystem Degradation <br/>Are Diverse Communities More Easily Disturbed? <br/>11.4 Stopping Extinctions <br/>Reasons to Stop Extinctions: The Many Values of Biodiversity <br/>Which Species to Save? <br/>How to Save Species <br/>Laws Protecting Endangered Species <br/>Species Recovery: Breeding and Reintroduction <br/>Sustainable Uses of Biodiversity <br/>Study Guide <br/>Case Study 11-1: Invasion of the Zebra Mussels <br/>Case Study 11-2: Are Habitat Conservation Plans the Answer? The California Gnatcatcher Example <br/>CHAPTER 12 Land Resources and Management <br/>12.1 Managing Public Lands <br/>An End to Subsidized Abuse of Public Land? <br/>The National Park System <br/>National Forests: Land of Many Uses <br/>12.2 NEPA and Environmental Impact Statements <br/>12.3 Managing Private Lands for Biodiversity Preservation <br/>Selecting Preserves <br/>Designing Preserves <br/>Preserve Networks <br/>Sustainable Management of Preserves <br/>12.4 Marine Preserves <br/>12.5 Managing Lands to Reduce Urban Impacts <br/>Causes of Sprawl <br/>Consequences of Sprawl <br/>Curbing Sprawl <br/>Study Guide <br/>Case Study 12-1: Should Snowmobiles be Allowed in Yellowstone National Park <br/>Case Study 12-2: The Restoration of Mead Quarry <br/>Case Study 12-3: Should We Rethink Lawns and Golf Courses <br/>CHAPTER 13 Food and Soil Resources<br/>13.1 Food as a Biological Resource <br/>Hunger <br/>Feeding the World Today <br/>Food for the Future <br/>Agricultural Food Production and Supplies <br/>13.2 The Effects of Agriculture <br/>Modern Agriculture¿s ¿Solutions¿: Fertilizers, Pesticides, and Herbicides <br/>The Green Revolution <br/>Beyond the Green Revolution¿¿Higher Yields through Sustainable Agriculture <br/>Traditional and Sustainable Methods of Coping with Agriculture¿s Effects. <br/>Biotechnology and Genetically Modified (GM) Crops <br/>Fisheries <br/>13.3 The Soil of the Earth <br/>What Is Soil? <br/>Global Assessment of Soil Degradation <br/>Stopping Soil Degradation <br/>Study Guide <br/>Case Study 13-1: Subsistence Growers and Sustainable Agricultural Practices <br/>Case Study 13-2: Genetically Modified Foods and Crops <br/>Case Study 13-3: Aquaculture <br/>SECTION 4 Dealing With Environmental Degradation <br/>CHAPTER 14 Principles of Pollution Control, Toxicology, and Risk <br/>14.1 What Is Pollution? <br/>History of Pollution <br/>14.2 Controlling Pollution <br/>Myths of Pollution Control <br/>Deciding How Much Control: Being Realistic <br/>Implementing Pollution Controls <br/>International and National Aspects <br/>14.3 Toxicology: The Science of Poisons <br/>Effects of Toxic Substances <br/>Toxic Risk Assessment <br/>14.4 Pesticides: Pollutants Made to Kill <br/>The History of Pesticide Use <br/>Problems with Chemical Pesticides <br/>Reducing Chemical Pesticide Use <br/>14.5 Legal Aspects of Toxic Substance and Pesticide Control <br/>Toxic Torts <br/>The Precautionary Principle Revisited <br/>Study Guide <br/>Case Study 14-1: Should We Use Animals to Test Products? Which Animals? <br/>Case Study 14-2: Environmental Hormones¿A Growing Threat <br/>Case Study 14-3: To Worry or Not to Worry? Chlorine, Dioxin, and PCBs <br/>CHAPTER 15 Water Pollution <br/>15.1 Damages and Suffering <br/>15.2 Water Purification in Nature <br/>15.3 Pollution: Overwhelming Natural Purification <br/>Composition and Properties of Water Pollutants<br/>Sources of Water Pollutants <br/>Fate of Pollutants <br/>15.4 Slowing Pollution: Reduction, Treatment, and Remediation <br/>Source Reduction: Efficiency, Recycling, and Substitution <br/>Treating Wastewater <br/>Remediation: Cleaning Up Polluted Waters <br/>15.5 Legal and Social Solutions <br/>Legal Solutions <br/>Cleaner Rivers and Lakes <br/>Cleaner Drinking Water <br/>Social Solutions <br/>Future of U.S. Water Pollution Control <br/>Clean Water outside the United States <br/>Global Water Security <br/>Study Guide <br/>Case Study 15-1: The Milwaukee Incident <br/>Case Study 15-2: The New York City Watershed Protection Plan <br/>CHAPTER 16 Air Pollution: Local and Regional <br/>16.1 Local and Regional Air Pollution <br/>Particulates <br/>Sulfur Oxides <br/>Nitrogen Oxides, Ground-level Ozone, and Volatile Organic Compounds <br/>Carbon Monoxide <br/>Lead <br/>International Trends <br/>Weather and Air Pollution <br/>16.2 Legal and Social Solutions <br/>Legal Solutions<br/>Economic Solutions <br/>16.3 Indoor Air Pollution <br/>Sources and Types of Indoor Pollutants <br/>16.4 Noise Pollution <br/>Measuring Noise <br/>Control of Noise<br/>Health Damage from Noise <br/>Control of Noise <br/>16.5 Electromagnetic Fields <br/>Study Guide <br/>Case Study 16-1: Smog: Causes and Cures <br/>Case Study 16-2: Is Asbestos a Classic Example of ¿Environmental Hypochondria¿? <br/>**************<br/>CHAPTER 17 Global Air Pollution: Destruction of the Ozone Layer and Global Climate Change <br/>Ozone Depletion <br/>Ozone in Nature <br/>Human Assaults on the Ozone Layer <br/>Effects of Increased Ultraviolet Radiation Reaching the Earth¿s Surface <br/>Global Climate Change <br/>The Greenhouse Effect <br/>Is Earth Really Warming Up? <br/>Consequences of Global Warming <br/>General Strategies for Dealing with Global Warming <br/>Global Light Pollution: A Developing Problem <br/>Effects on Animals and Plants <br/>Curbing Light Pollution <br/> <br/>Case Study 17-1: Methyl Bromide and the Ozone Layer <br/>Case Study 17-2: The Benefits of CO2 <br/>Case Study 17-3: Global Warming and Disease <br/>CHAPTER 18 Municipal Solid Waste and Hazardous Waste <br/>Defining Solid Waste <br/>Alternative Paradigms for Waste Management <br/>Traditional Means of Waste Management <br/>Garbage as a Source of Revenue for Poorer Communities <br/>Dealing with Rubbish and Other Waste in the Near Future <br/>Waste Disposal and Recycling in the United States <br/>Industrial Ecosystems <br/>Hazardous Waste <br/>Superfund <br/>The Bhopal Disaster <br/>Toxics Release Inventory <br/>Technologies for Dealing with Hazardous Waste <br/> <br/>Case Study 18-1: Tires <br/>Case Study 18-2: Paper versus Plastic <br/>Case Study 18-3: E-Waste and Technotrash <br/> Environmental Issues: Social Aspects and Solutions <br/>CHAPTER 19 Environmental Economics <br/>Economics versus Environmental Science? <br/>Sustainability Produces More Jobs <br/>Environmental Economics: Blending the Dichotomy <br/>What Is Sustainable Growth? <br/>Measuring Sustainable Growth <br/>Economics of Sustainable Growth <br/>Externalities: Market Failures and the Environment <br/>Tragedy of the Commons: Depletion and Pollution <br/>Solution: Internalizing Environmental Externalities <br/>What¿s the Environment Worth? Cost Problems <br/>Pay Up! Persuasion, Regulation, Motivation <br/>Economic Incentives to Sustain the Environment <br/>The Low Cost of Sustainability <br/>Poverty and the Global Environment <br/>Origins of Global Poverty <br/>Eliminating Global Poverty <br/>Developing a Sustainable Economy <br/> <br/>Case Study 19-1: Would You Be a Green Investor? <br/>Case Study 19-2: Cookstoves in Poor Nations: Small is Beautiful (and Sustainable) <br/>Case Study 19-3: The World Trade Organization: Wealth versus Environment and Justice? <br/>CHAPTER 20 Historical and Cultural Aspects of Environmental Concerns <br/>An Historical Perspective on American Environmentalism <br/>The First Century of American Environmentalism <br/>Environmentalism since World War II <br/>Are Western Societal Values to be Blamed for Current Environmental Problems? <br/>Western Values and Social Institutions <br/>Sustainable Development/Sustainable Growth <br/>Addressing Environmental Concerns by Refocusing Western Political-Economic Structures <br/>Environmental Law <br/>Law and the Environment¿A General Overview <br/>International Environmental Law <br/>Environmental Law and Regulation in the United States <br/>Decision Making in the Public Arena <br/> <br/>Case Study 20-1: The North American Bison <br/>Case Study 20-2: Animal Rights <br/>Case Study 20-3: Global Population and Ethical Considerations <br/>Epilogue: Environmental Literacy <br/>Appendix English/Metric Conversion Table <br/>Glossary <br/>Index |
