Vertebrate:comparative anatomy,function,evolution/ (Record no. 179970)

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fixed length control field 15485nam a2200133Ia 4500
040 ## - CATALOGING SOURCE
Transcribing agency CUS
082 ## - DEWEY DECIMAL CLASSIFICATION NUMBER
Classification number 571.316
Item number KAR/V
100 ## - MAIN ENTRY--PERSONAL NAME
Personal name Kardong,Kenneth
245 #0 - TITLE STATEMENT
Title Vertebrate:comparative anatomy,function,evolution/
Statement of responsibility, etc. Kenneth Kardong
260 ## - PUBLICATION, DISTRIBUTION, ETC. (IMPRINT)
Place of publication, distribution, etc. New Delhi:
Name of publisher, distributor, etc. Tata mcgrow hill education,
Date of publication, distribution, etc. 2010.
300 ## - PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION
Extent 782p.
505 ## - FORMATTED CONTENTS NOTE
Formatted contents note <br/>Comparative Vertebrate Morphology 1<br/>Designs of Students 2<br/>Vertebrate Design—Form and Function 3<br/>Grand Design 3<br/>Historical Predecessors—Evolution 3<br/>The Process behind the Change 4<br/>Linnaeus 4<br/>Naturalists 5<br/>J'B. de Lamarck 5<br/>Acquired Characteristics 6<br/>Upward to Perfection 6<br/>Natural Selection 7<br/>A. R. Wallace 7<br/>Charles Darwin 8<br/>Critics and Controversy 9<br/>Historical Predecessors-<br/>Georges Cuvier 10<br/>Richard Owen 11<br/>Why Are There No Flying Elephants? 13<br/>Morphological Concepts 14<br/>Similarities 14<br/>Symmetry 16<br/>Segmentation 16<br/>Evolutionary Morphology 18<br/>Function and Biological Role 18<br/>Preadaptation 18<br/>Evolution as Remodeling 20<br/>Phylogeny 20<br/>Of Bean Stalks and Bushes 20<br/>Simplification 22<br/>Patterns of Phylogeny 22<br/>Grades and Clades 23<br/>Contents<br/>-Morphology 10<br/>Paleontology 27<br/>Fossilization and Fossils 27<br/>Recovery and Restoration 30<br/>From Animal to Fossil 33<br/>Dating Fossils 35<br/>Stratigraphy 35<br/>Index Fossils 35<br/>Radiometric Dating 35<br/>Geological Ages 35<br/>Tools of the Trade 39<br/>The Question 39<br/>The Function 40<br/>The Biological Role 43<br/>Overview 45<br/>CHAPTER two<br/>Origin of Chordates 47<br/>Chordate Phylogeny 47<br/>Chordate Characteristics<br/>Notochord 49<br/>Pharyngeal Slits 51<br/>Endostyle or Thyroid Gland 52<br/>Dorsal and Tubular Nerve Cord 52<br/>Postanal Tail 52<br/>Chordate Body Plan 52<br/>Protochordates 53<br/>Hemichordata 54<br/>Enteropneusta—"Acorn Warms" 55<br/>Pterobranchia 57<br/>Hemichordate Phylogenetic Affinities 58<br/>Urochordata 58<br/>Ascidiacea—"Sea Squirts" 60<br/>Larvacea (Appendicularia) 61<br/>Thaliacea 64<br/>Cephalochordata 65<br/>Overview of Protochordates 70<br/>Chordate Origins 71<br/>Cephalochordates from Annelids and An! .ropods 71<br/>Cephalochordates from Echinoderms 72<br/>The Evidence 71<br/>Appearance of Chordate Characteristics 73<br/>Selective Advantage 73<br/>Larval Echinoderm to Chordate Tadpole 74<br/>The Critics 75<br/>Phylogeny, Paedomorphism, and Origins 75<br/>Overview 77<br/>CHAPTER three<br/>The Vertebrate Story<br/>Introduction 80<br/>Innovations 81<br/>Vertebral Column 81<br/>Head 82<br/>Origin of Vertebrates 82<br/>Step 1: Pre Vertebrate 82<br/>Step 2: Agnathan 83<br/>Step 3: Gnathostome 83<br/>The Controversial Calci Chordates 84<br/>Vertebrate Classification 84<br/>Agnathans 84<br/>Living Agnathans 86<br/>Myxinoidea 86<br/>Petromyzontida 86<br/>Early Vertebrate Fossils 86<br/>Conodonts 87<br/>Ostracoderms 89<br/>Pteraspidomorphi 89<br/>Other Ostracoderms 89<br/>Overview of Agnathan Evolution 91<br/>Gnathostomes 92<br/>Placodermi 93<br/>Chondrichthyes 93<br/>Elasmobranchii—Sharks andRays 95<br/>Holocephali—Chimaeras 95<br/>Teleostomi 96<br/>Acanthodii 96<br/>Osteichthyes 96<br/>Actinopterygii 98<br/>Sarcopterygii 99<br/>Overview of Fish Phylogeny 101<br/>Tetrapods 101<br/>Primitive Tetrapods 102<br/>Labyrinthodonts 102<br/>Lepospondyls 104<br/>Lissamphibia-Modem Amphibians 105<br/>Urodela (Caudata) 105<br/>Salientia (Anura) 106<br/>Gymnophiona (Apoda) 106<br/>80<br/>Amniotes 106<br/>Stem-Amniotes 108<br/>Sauropsids 108<br/>Mesosdwrs 108<br/>Reptilia 108<br/>Synapsida 116<br/>Pelycosauria 117<br/>Therapsida 117<br/>Mammalia 120<br/>CHAPTER four<br/>Biological Design 125<br/>Introduction: Size and Shape 125<br/>Size 128<br/>Relationships among Length, Area, and Volume 128<br/>Surface Area 130<br/>Volume and Mass 130<br/>Shape 131<br/>Allometry 131<br/>Transformation Grids 132<br/>On THE Consequences of Being the Right Size 134<br/>Biomechanics 134<br/>Fundamental Principles 135<br/>Basic Quantities—Length, Time, and Mass 135<br/>Units 136<br/>Derived Quantities—Velocity, Acceleration, Force,<br/>and Relatives 136<br/>Reference Systems 137<br/>Center of Mass 137<br/>Vectors 137<br/>Basic Force Laws 138<br/>Free Bodies and Forces 138<br/>Torques and Levers 139<br/>Land and Fluid 141<br/>Life on Land: Gravity 141<br/>Life in Fluids 142<br/>Machines 144<br/>Strength of Materials 145<br/>Loads 146<br/>Biological Design and Biological Failure 146<br/>Tissue Response to Mechanical Stress 147<br/>Responsiveness of Bone 148<br/>Biophysics and Other Physical Processes 152<br/>Diffusion and Exchange 152<br/>Pressures and Partial Pressures 152<br/>Countercurrent, Concurrent, and Crosscurrent<br/>Exchange 153<br/>Optics 154<br/>Depth Perception 155<br/>Accommodation 155<br/>Overview 156<br/>CHAPTER five<br/>Life History 158<br/>Introduction 158<br/>Early Embryology 159<br/>Fertilization 159<br/>Cleavage 161<br/>Amphioxus 161<br/>Fishes 162<br/>Amphibians 162<br/>Reptiles and Birds 162<br/>Mammab 163<br/>Overview of Cleavage 164<br/>Gastrulation and Neurulation 164<br/>Amphioxus 166<br/>Fishes 166<br/>Amphibians 167<br/>Reptiles and Birds 168<br/>Mammals 169<br/>Organogenesis 172<br/>Histogenesis 174<br/>Epithelium 174<br/>Covering and Lining Epithelium 176<br/>Glandular<br/>Epithelium 176<br/>Connective Tissues 177<br/>General Connective Tissues 177<br/>Special Connective Tissues 178<br/>Bone Development and Growth 179<br/>Endochondral Bone Devebpment 179<br/>Intramembranous<br/>Bone Development 181<br/>Comparative Bone Histology 181<br/>Bone Remodeling and Repair 183<br/>Joints 184<br/>Neural Crest and Ectodermal Placodes 186<br/>Extraembryonic Membranes 1-86<br/>Reptiles and Birds 187<br/>Mammals 187<br/>Eutherian Placenta 188<br/>Other Placentae 189<br/>Overview of Early Embryonic Development 189<br/>Development of the Coelom and its<br/>Compartments 191<br/>Maturation 194<br/>Metamorphosis 194<br/>Heterochrony 195<br/>Peramorphosis 195<br/>Paedomorphosis 197<br/>OnTOGENY ANDPHYLOGENY 197<br/>Biogenetic Law 197<br/>von Baer's Law 198<br/>Overview of the Biogenetic Law 199<br/>Hox Genes and Their Kingdoms<br/>Egg to Adult 200<br/>Shaping Up: Positions and Parts<br/>Evolutionary Significance 201<br/>Epigenomics 202<br/>Induction 202<br/>Phylogeny 203<br/>Overview 206<br/>CHAPTER SIX<br/>Integument 209<br/>Embryonic Origin 210<br/><br/>General Features OF THE Integument 210<br/>Dermis 210<br/>Epidermis 212<br/>Phylogeny 213<br/>Integument of Fishes 213<br/>Primitive Fishes 214<br/>Chondrichthyes 214<br/>•Bony Fishes 214<br/>Integument of Tetrapods 216<br/>Amphibians 216<br/>Reptiles 217<br/>Birds 218<br/>Mammals 221<br/>Specializations of the Integument<br/>Nails, Claws, Hooves 225.<br/>Horns and Antlers 226<br/>Baleen 227<br/>Scales 228<br/>Dermal Armor 228<br/>Mucus 228<br/>Color 229<br/>Overview 230<br/>CHAPTER seven<br/>Skeletal System:<br/>The Skull 234<br/>Introduction 235<br/>Chondrocranium<br/>Embryology 235<br/>Splanchnocranium<br/>Embryology 238<br/>Origin of Jaws 239<br/>Types of Jaw Attachments<br/>Dermatocranium 242<br/>235<br/>Parts of the Dermatocranium<br/>Dermal Bone Series 242<br/><br/>Overview of Skull Morphology 243<br/>Braincase 243<br/>Jaws 246<br/>Hyoid Apparatus 246<br/>Cranial Kinesis 246<br/>Phylogeny of the Skull 247<br/>Agnathans 247<br/>Ostracoderms 247<br/>Cyclostomes 248<br/>Gnathostomes 249<br/>Fishes 249<br/>Early Tetrapods 256<br/>Primitive Amniotes 258<br/>Modem Reptiles 260<br/>Birds 265<br/>Synapsids 267<br/>Overview of Skull Function and Design 275<br/>Prey Capture 277<br/>Feeding in Water 277<br/>Feeding in Air 280<br/>Swallowing 280<br/>Overview 280<br/>Cranial Neural Crest 280<br/>Emergence of Mammals 281<br/>Evolutionary Modifications of Immature Forms:<br/>Akinesis in Mammals 282<br/>Composite Skull 285<br/>CHAPTER eight<br/>Skeletal System:<br/>The Axial Skeleton 289<br/>Introduction 289<br/>Basic Components 290<br/>Vertebrae 290<br/>Regions of the Vertebral Column 290<br/>Centra 290<br/>Ribs 292<br/>Sternum 294<br/>Gastralia 294<br/>Embryonic Development 296<br/>Fishes 296<br/>Tetrapods 297<br/>Phylogeny 298<br/>Fishes 298<br/>Agnathans 298<br/>Gnathostomes 298<br/>Contents<br/>TetrapaKs 303<br/>Early Tetrapods<br/>Amniotes 308<br/>303<br/>Form and Function 311<br/>Fluid Environment 311<br/>Terrestrial<br/>Environment 312<br/>Design of Vertebrae 313<br/>Direction of the Neural Sprite 313<br/>Height of the Neural Spine 314<br/>Regionalization of the Vertebral Column<br/>Overview 318<br/>CHAPTER nine<br/>Skeletal System: The<br/>Appendicular Skeleton 320<br/>Introduction 320<br/>Basic Components 321<br/>Fins 321<br/>Limbs 321<br/>Origin of Paired Fins 322<br/>Gill-Arch Theory 322<br/>Fin-Fold Theory 323<br/>Embr^'onic Development ofTetrapod Limbs 324<br/>Phylogeny 325<br/>Fishes 325<br/>Agnathans 325<br/>Placoderms 326<br/>Chondrichthyans 326<br/>Acanthodians 328<br/>Bony Fishes 328<br/>Tetrapods 330<br/>Pectoral Girdle 330<br/>Pelvic Girdle 333<br/>Manus and Pes 333<br/>Evolution of the Appendicular System<br/>Dual Origin of the Pectoral Girdle 336<br/>Adaptive Advantage of Lobe Fins 337<br/>Onto the Land 341<br/>Form and Function<br/>Swimming 342<br/>Terrestrial Locomotion<br/>Early Gaits 342<br/>Early Modes of Locomotion<br/>Cursorial Locomotion 347<br/>Aerial Locomotion 350<br/>Origin of Bird Flight 360<br/>Fossorial Locomotion 360<br/>Overview 362<br/>342<br/>342<br/>343<br/>315<br/>336<br/>CHAPTER ten<br/>The Muscular System 365<br/>Introduction 365<br/>Organization of Muscles 366<br/>Classification of Muscles 366<br/>Skeletal Muscle 367<br/>Cardiac Muscle 368<br/>Smooth Muscle 368<br/>Structure of Skeletal Muscles 368<br/>Tendons 370<br/>Basis of Muscle Contraction 370<br/>Resting andActive Muscle 370<br/>Molecular Mechanisms of Contraction 370<br/>Muscle Function 371<br/>Muscle Fibers 371<br/>Tension-Length Curves for a Single<br/>Muscle Fiber 371<br/>Properties of Muscle Fibers 371<br/>Muscle Organs and Fibers 373<br/>Whole Muscle Force Generation 373<br/>Tension-Length Curves fora Whole Muscle<br/>Graded Force 376<br/>Cross-Sectional Area 376<br/>Fiber Orientation 377<br/>Velocity of Shortening 377<br/>Distance of Shortening 378<br/>Bone-Muscle Lever Systems 378<br/>Sequencing of Muscle Actions 380<br/>Overview of Muscle Mechanics 381<br/>Muscle Actions 381<br/>Muscle Homologies 383<br/>Embryonic Origin of Muscles 384<br/>Postcranial Musculature 384<br/>Appendicular Musculature 384<br/>Axial Musculature 385<br/>Cranial Musculature 386<br/>Jaw and Pharyngeal Musculature 386<br/>Extrinsic EyeMuscles 386<br/>Comparative Anatomy 387<br/>Postcranial Musculature 387<br/>Axial Musculature 387<br/>Appendicular Musculature 390<br/>Cranial Musculature 396<br/>Branchiomeric Musculature 396<br/>Hypobranchial Musculature 400<br/>Overview 401<br/>374<br/>chaptek eleven<br/>The Respiratory System 406<br/>Introduction 406<br/>Respiratory Organs<br/>Gills 409<br/>Lungs 409<br/>Gas Bladders 409<br/>Cutaneous Respiratory Organs 410<br/>Accessory Air-breathing Organs 410<br/>Breathing and Embryos 411<br/>Ventilatory Mechanisms 414<br/>Cilia 414<br/>Muscular Mechanisms 414<br/>Water Ventilation: Dual Pump 414<br/>Air Ventilation: BuccalPump 415<br/>Air Ventilation: Aspiration Pump 416<br/>Phylogeny 417<br/>Agnathans 417<br/>Elasmobranchs 419<br/>BonyFishes 420<br/>Overview of Fish Respiration 420<br/>Gills 420<br/>Lungs and Gas Bladders 421<br/>Amphibians 423<br/>Amphibian Larvae 423<br/>Amphibian Adults 425<br/>Reptiles 426<br/>Mammals 427<br/>Ventilation 428<br/>Gas Exchange 429<br/>Birds 430<br/>Form and Function 432<br/>Patterns of Gas Transfer 432<br/>Rates of Gas Transfer 433<br/>Breathing in Water 437<br/>Breathing in Air 437<br/>Evolution of Respiratory Organs 437<br/>Acid-Base Regulation 437<br/>Ventilation 438<br/>Ciliary Pumps 438<br/>Muscular Pumps 439<br/>Water-to-Land Transition 439<br/>Air-breathing Organs 439<br/>Advantages of Movement to Land<br/>Air-breathing<br/>Mechanisms 440<br/>Bird Lungs and Air Sacs 441<br/>Overview 442<br/>409<br/>439<br/>Contents<br/>XI<br/>CHAPTER twelve<br/>The Circulatory System 445<br/>Introduction 445<br/>Cardiovascular System 446<br/>Blood 446<br/>Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries 446<br/>Arteries 447<br/>Hemodynamics of Circulation 447<br/>Veins 448<br/>Microcirculation 448<br/>Single and Double Circulation 449<br/>Embryonic Development of the Cardiovascular<br/>System 450<br/>Phylogeny of the CardiovascularSystem 451<br/>Arterial Vessels 455<br/>Venous Vessels 460<br/>Hearts 467<br/>Basic Vertebrate Heart 467<br/>Fishes 469<br/>Amphibians 472<br/>Reptiles 474<br/>Birds and Mammals 481<br/>Cardiovascular System: Matching Design<br/>to Environmental Demands 481<br/>Accessory Air-breathing Organs 484<br/>Diving Birds andMammab 484<br/>Heart Flow 484<br/>Ontogeny ofCardiovascular Function 485<br/>Fetal Circulation in PlacentalMammab 485<br/>Changes at Birth 485<br/>Heat Transfer 487<br/>Lymphatic System 488<br/>Lymphatic Vessels 489<br/>Lymphatic Tissue 491<br/>Form and Function 491<br/>Overview 492<br/>CHAPTER thirteen<br/>The Digestive System 496<br/>Introduction 496<br/>Preview 497 j<br/>Components of the Digestive System 497 j<br/>Xll<br/>Buccal Cavity 497 ?<br/>Boundaries 497<br/>Palate 498<br/>Teeth 499<br/>Tongue 509<br/>Pharynx 510<br/>Contents<br/>Alimentary Can?l 513<br/>Esophagus 515<br/>Stomach 515<br/>Intestines 516<br/>Cloaca 518<br/>Specializations of the Alimentary Canal 518<br/>Vascularization of the Gastrointestinal Tract 520<br/>Fishes 520<br/>Tetrapods 521<br/>Associated Glands of Digestion 524<br/>Oral Glaruis 524<br/>Liver 526<br/>Pancreas 527<br/>Function and Evolution of the<br/>Digestive System 528<br/>Absorption 528<br/>Feces 528<br/>Mechanical Breakdown of Food 529<br/>Mastication 529<br/>Gizzards 529<br/>Chemical Breakdown of Food 529<br/>Gastric Fermentation 530<br/>Intestinal Fermentation 533<br/>Gastric versus Intestinal Fermenters 533<br/>Size and Fermentation 535<br/>DigestingToxins 535<br/>Overview 535<br/>CHAPTER fourteen<br/>The Urogenital System 538<br/>Introduction 538<br/>Urinary System 538<br/>Structure of the Mammalian Kidney 538<br/>Embryonic Development 540<br/>Nephrotome to Nephric Tubules 540<br/>Tripartite Concept of Kidney Organization 541<br/>Kidney Phylogeny 544<br/>Fishes 544<br/>Tetrapods 545<br/>Kidney Function and Structure 546<br/>Excretion: Removing the Products of Nitrogen<br/>Metabolism 546<br/>Osmoregulation: Regulating Water and Salt<br/>Balance 548<br/>Evolution 555<br/>Preadaptation 555<br/>Origin of Vertebrates 555<br/>Reproductive System 556<br/>Structure of the Mammalian Reproductive<br/>System 556<br/>Embryonic Development 556<br/>Gonads and Gametes 556<br/>Reproductive Tracts 558<br/>Overview 558<br/>Female Reproductive System 560<br/>Ovary 560<br/>Genital Ducts 560<br/>Oviduct 562<br/>Uterus 563<br/>Male Reproductive System 565<br/>Testis 565<br/>Genital Ducts 565<br/>Copulatory Organs 568<br/>Cloaca 572<br/>Urinary Bladder 577<br/>Function and Evolution 578<br/>Potency and Fertility 578<br/>External and Internal Fertilization 579<br/>Delays in Gestation 581<br/>Overview 583<br/>CHAPTER fifteen<br/>The Endocrine System 585<br/>Survey of Endocrine Organs 585<br/>Thyroid Gland 585<br/>Structure and Phylogeny 585<br/>Function 587<br/>Ultimobranchial Body and Parathyroid Gland 589<br/>Ultimobranchial Body 589<br/>Parathyroid Gland 589<br/>Form and Function 591<br/>Adrenal Gland 591<br/>Structure and Phylogeny 591<br/>Function 594<br/>Pancreatic Islets 595<br/>Structure and Phylogeny 595<br/>Function 595<br/>Pituitary Gland 597<br/>Structure 597<br/>Phylogeny 597<br/>Function 600<br/>Gonads 603<br/>Pineal Gland 603<br/>SecondaryEndocrine Organs 603<br/>Gastrointestinal Tract 604<br/>Kidneys 604<br/>Endocrine Coordination 605<br/>MammalianReproduction 605<br/>Male 605<br/>Female 606<br/>Metamorphosis in Frogs 612<br/>Fundamentals of Hormonal Control 613<br/>Functional andStructural Linkage 613<br/>Target Tissue Responses 614<br/>The Endocrine System and the Environment 614<br/>Evolution 615<br/>Overview 616<br/>CHAPTER sixteen<br/>The Nervous System 618<br/>L-.troduction 618<br/>Types of Cells within the Nervous System 618<br/>Neuroglia 618<br/>Neurons 619<br/>Transmission of Information 619<br/>Neurosecrctory Cells 621<br/>Peripheral Nervous System 621<br/>Spinal Nerves 622<br/>Cranial Nerves 623<br/>Evolution 630<br/>Functions of the Peripheral Nervous System 632<br/>Spinal Reflexes 632<br/>The Autonomic Nervous System 633<br/>Central Nervous System 638<br/>Embryology 639<br/>Spinal Cord 639<br/>Spinal Reflexes 642<br/>SpinalTracts 642<br/>Brain 643<br/>Phylogeny 643<br/>Form and Function 644<br/>Functional Associations ofParts ofthe Central<br/>Nervous System 658<br/>Overview 660<br/>CHAPTER seventeen<br/>Sensory Organs 663<br/>Introduction 663<br/>Components of a Sensory Organ 664<br/>General Sensory Organs 664<br/>FreeSensory Receptors 664<br/>Encapsulated Sensory Receptors 665<br/>Associated Sensory Receiptors 665<br/>Proprioception 665<br/>Mechanisms of Perceiving Stimuli from General<br/>Sensory Receptors 666<br/>Contents<br/>xui<br/>Special Sensory Organs 666<br/>Chemoreceptors 666<br/>Nasal Passages 667<br/>Vomeronasal Area 669<br/>Mouth 670<br/>Radiation Receptors 671<br/>Photoreceptors 67i<br/>Infrared Receptors 684<br/>Mechanoreceptors , 684<br/>Lateral Line System 685<br/>Vestibular Apparatus 686<br/>Auditory System 688<br/>Functions of the Ear 689<br/>Electroreceptors 698<br/>Structure and Phylogeny 698<br/>Form and Function 699<br/>Additional SpecialSensory Organs 701<br/>Overview 701<br/>CHAPTER eighteen<br/>Conclusions 706<br/>Introduction 706<br/>Structural Analysis 709<br/>Functional Analysis 710<br/>XIV<br/>How Does It Work? 710<br/>Functional Coupling, Functional Compromise 711<br/>Contents<br/>Multiple Functions 712<br/>Performance 713 -<br/>Ecolcx31cal Analysis 714<br/>Evolutionary Analysis 714<br/>Historical Constraints 714<br/>Primitive and Advanced 714<br/>Diversity of Type/Unity of Pattern 715<br/>Mosaic Evolution 717<br/>Morphology and Modules 717<br/>Mode and Tempo of Evolution 719<br/>Remodeling 720<br/>Embryonic Changes 721<br/>Hox Genes 721<br/>Evolutionary Significance 722<br/>The Promise of Vertebrate Morphology 722<br/>
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