Formatted contents note |
Preface --<br/>1: Introduction to ecology: historical foundations and developing frontiers --<br/>Overview of ecology --<br/>Ecology of forest birds: old tools and new --<br/>Forest canopy research: a physical and scientific frontier --<br/>Climatic and ecological change: past and future --<br/>Investigating the Evidence 1: Scientific method-questions and hypotheses --<br/>Scope of ecology --<br/>Section 1: Natural History And Evolution --<br/>2: Life on land --<br/>Terrestrial biomes --<br/>Concepts --<br/>2-1: Large-scale patterns of climatic variation --<br/>Temperature, atmospheric circulation, and precipitation --<br/>Climate diagrams --<br/>Concept 2-1 Review --<br/>2-2: Soil: the foundation of terrestrial biomes --<br/>Investigating the Evidence 2: Determining the sample mean --<br/>Concept 2-2 Review --<br/>2-3: Natural history and geography of biomes --<br/>Tropical rain forest --<br/>Tropical dry forest --<br/>Tropical savanna --<br/>Desert --<br/>Mediterranean woodland and shrubland --<br/>Temperate grassland --<br/>Temperate forest --<br/>Boreal forest --<br/>Tundra --<br/>Mountains: islands in the sky --<br/>Concept 2-3 review --<br/>Applications: Climatic variation and the Palmer Drought Severity Index --<br/>3: Life in water --<br/>Concepts --<br/>3-1: Hydrologic cycle --<br/>Concept 3-1 Review --<br/>3-2: Natural history of aquatic environments --<br/>Oceans --<br/>Life in shallow marine waters: kelp forests and coral gardens --<br/>Investigating the Evidence 3: Determining the sample median --<br/>Marine shores: life between high and low tides --<br/>Estuaries, salt marshes, and mangrove forests --<br/>Rivers and streams: life blood and pulse of the land --<br/>Lakes: small seas --<br/>Concept 3-2 Review --<br/>Applications: Biological integrity-assessing the health of aquatic systems --<br/>Number of species and species composition --<br/>Trophic composition --<br/>Fish abundance and condition --<br/>Test --<br/>4: Population genetics and natural selection --<br/>Concepts --<br/>4-1: Variation within populations --<br/>Variation in a widely distributed plant --<br/>Variation in alpine fish populations --<br/>Concept 4-1 Review --<br/>4-2: Hardy-Weinberg --<br/>Calculating gene frequencies --<br/>Concept 4-2 Review --<br/>4-3: Process of natural selection --<br/>Stabilizing selection --<br/>Directional selection --<br/>Disruptive selection --<br/>Concept 4-3 Review --<br/>4-4: Evolution by natural selection --<br/>Evolution by natural selection and genetic variation --<br/>Investigating the Evidence 4: Variation in data --<br/>Adaptive change in colonizing lizards --<br/>Rapid adaption by soapberry bugs to new host plants --<br/>Concept 4-4 Review --<br/>4-5: Change due to chance --<br/>Evidence of genetic drift in Chihuahua spruce --<br/>Genetic variation in island populations --<br/>Genetic diversity and butterfly extinctions --<br/>Concept 4-5 Review --<br/>Applications: Evolution and agriculture --<br/>Evolution of herbicide resistance in weeds. Section 2: Adaptations To The Environment --<br/>5: Temperature relations --<br/>Concepts --<br/>5-1: Microclimates --<br/>Altitude --<br/>Aspect --<br/>Vegetation --<br/>Color of the ground --<br/>Presence of boulders and burrows --<br/>Aquatic temperatures --<br/>Concept 5-1 Review --<br/>5-2: Temperature and performance of organisms --<br/>Principle of allocation --<br/>Temperature and animal performance --<br/>Investigating the Evidence 5: Laboratory experiments --<br/>Extreme temperatures and photosynthesis --<br/>Temperature and microbial activity --<br/>Concept 5-2 Review --<br/>5-3: Regulating body temperature --<br/>Balancing heat gain against heat loss --<br/>Temperature regulation by plants --<br/>Temperature regulation by ectothermic animals --<br/>Temperature regulation by endothermic animals --<br/>Temperature regulation by thermogenic plants --<br/>Concept 5-3 Review --<br/>5-4: Surviving extreme temperatures --<br/>Inactivity --<br/>Reducing metabolic rate --<br/>Hibernation by a tropical species --<br/>Concept 5-4 Review --<br/>Applications: Climatic warming and the local extinction of a land snail --<br/>6: Water relations --<br/>Concepts --<br/>6-1: Water availability --<br/>Water content of air --<br/>Water movement in aquatic environments --<br/>Water movement between soils and plants --<br/>Concept 6-1 Review --<br/>6-2: Water regulation on land --<br/>Water acquisition by animals --<br/>Water acquisition by plants --<br/>Water conservation by plants and animals --<br/>Investigating the Evidence 6: Sample size --<br/>Dissimilar organisms with similar approaches to desert life --<br/>Two arthropods with opposite approaches to desert life --<br/>Concept 6-2 Review --<br/>6-3: Water and salt balance in aquatic environments --<br/>Marine fish and invertebrates --<br/>Freshwater fish and invertebrates --<br/>Concept 6-3 Review --<br/>Applications: Using stable isotopes to study water uptake by plants --<br/>Stable isotope analysis --<br/>Using stable isotopes to identify plant water sources --<br/>7: Energy and nutrient relations --<br/>Concepts --<br/>7-1: Photosynthetic autotrophs --<br/>Solar-powered biosphere --<br/>Concept 7-1 Review --<br/>7-2: Chemosynthetic autotrophs --<br/>Concept 7-2 Review --<br/>7-3: Heterotrophs --<br/>Chemical compostition and nutrient requirements --<br/>Concept 7-3 Review --<br/>7-4: Energy limitation --<br/>Photon flux and photosynthetic response curves --<br/>Food density and animal functional response --<br/>Concept 7-4 Review --<br/>7-5: Optimal foraging theory --<br/>Testing optimal foraging theory --<br/>Optimal foraging by plants --<br/>Investigating the Evidence 7: Scatter plots and the relationship between variables --<br/>Concept 7-5 Review --<br/>Applications: Bioremediation-using the trophic diversity of bacteria to solve environmental problems --<br/>Leaking underground storage tanks --<br/>Cyanide and nitrates in mine spoils --<br/>8: Social relations --<br/>Concepts --<br/>8-1: Mate choice --<br/>Mate choice and sexual selection in guppies --<br/>Mate choice among scorpionflies --<br/>Nonrandom mating among wild radish --<br/>Concept 8-1 Review --<br/>8-2: Sociality --<br/>Cooperative breeders --<br/>Investigating the Evidence 8: Estimating heritability using regression analysis --<br/>Concept 8-2 Review --<br/>8-3: Eusociality --<br/>Eusocial species --<br/>Evolution of eusociality --<br/>Concept 8-3 Review --<br/>Applications: Behavioral ecology and conservation --<br/>Tinbergen's framework --<br/>Environmental enrichment and development of behavior. Section 3: Population Ecology --<br/>9: Population distribution and abundance --<br/>Concepts --<br/>9-1: Distribution limits --<br/>Kangaroo distributions and climate --<br/>Tiger beetle of cold climates --<br/>Distributions of plants along a moisture-temperature gradient --<br/>Distributions of barnacles along an intertidal exposure gradient --<br/>Concept 9-1 Review --<br/>9-2: Patterns on small scales --<br/>Scale, distributions, and mechanisms --<br/>Distributions of tropical bee colonies --<br/>Distributions of desert shrubs --<br/>Concept 9-2 Review --<br/>9-3: Patterns on large scales --<br/>Bird populations across North America --<br/>Investigating the Evidence 9: Clumped, random, and regular distributions --<br/>Plant distributions along moisture gradients --<br/>Concept 9-3 Review --<br/>9-4: Organism size and population density --<br/>Animal size and population density --<br/>Plant size and population density --<br/>Concept 9-4 Review --<br/>Applications: Rarity and vulnerability to extinction seven forms of rarity and one of abundance --<br/>10: Population dynamics --<br/>Concepts --<br/>10-1: Dispersal --<br/>Dispersal of expanding populations --<br/>Range changes in response to climate change --<br/>Dispersal in response to changing food supply --<br/>Dispersal in rivers and streams --<br/>Concept 10-1 Review --<br/>10-2: Metapopulations --<br/>Metapopulation of an Alpine butterfly --<br/>Dispersal within a metapopulation of lesser kestrels --<br/>Concept 10-2 Review --<br/>10-3: Patterns of survival --<br/>Estimating patterns of survival --<br/>High survival among the young --<br/>Constant rates of survival --<br/>High mortality among the young --<br/>Three types of survivorship curves --<br/>Concept 10-3 Review --<br/>10-4: Age distribution --<br/>Contrasting tree populations --<br/>Dynamic population in a variable climate --<br/>Concept 10-4 Review --<br/>10-5: Rates of population change --<br/>Estimating rates for an annual plant --<br/>Estimating rates when generations overlap --<br/>Concept 10-5 Review --<br/>Investigating the Evidence 10: Hypotheses and statistical significance --<br/>Applications: Using population dynamics to assess the impact of pollutants --<br/>11: Population growth --<br/>Concepts --<br/>11-1: Geometric and exponential population growth --<br/>Geometric growth --<br/>Exponential growth --<br/>Exponential growth in nature --<br/>Concept 11-1 Review --<br/>11-2: Logistic population growth --<br/>Concept 11-2 Review --<br/>11-3: Limits to population growth --<br/>Environment and birth and death among Galapagos finches --<br/>Investigating the Evidence 11: Frequency of alternative phenotypes in a population --<br/>Concept 11-3 Review --<br/>Applications: Human population --<br/>Distribution and abundance --<br/>Population dynamics --<br/>Population growth --<br/>12: Life histories --<br/>Concepts --<br/>12-1: Offspring number versus size --<br/>Egg size and number in fish --<br/>Seed size and number in plants --<br/>Seed size and seedling performance --<br/>Concept 12-1 Review --<br/>12-2: Adult survival and reproductive allocation --<br/>Life history variation among species --<br/>Life history variation within species --<br/>Concept 12-2 Review --<br/>12-3: Life history classification --<br/>r and K selection --<br/>Investing the Evidence 12: Statistical test for distribution pattern --<br/>Plant life histories --<br/>Opportunistic, equilibrium, and periodic life histories --<br/>Reproductive effort, offspring size, and benefit-cost ratios --<br/>Concept 12-3 Review --<br/>Applications: Using life history information to restore Riparian forests. Section 4: Interactions --<br/>13: Competition --<br/>Concepts --<br/>13-1: Intraspecific competition --<br/>Intraspecific competition among plants --<br/>Intraspecific competition among planthoppers --<br/>Interference competition among terrestrial isopods --<br/>Concept 13-1 Review --<br/>13-2: Competitive exclusion and niches --<br/>Feeding niches of Galapagos finches --<br/>Habitat niche of a salt marsh grass --<br/>Concept 13-2 Review --<br/>13-3: Mathematical and laboratory models --<br/>Modeling interspecific competition --<br/>Laboratory models of competition --<br/>Concept 13-3 Review --<br/>13-4: Competition and niches --<br/>Niches and competition among plants --<br/>Niche overlap and competition between barnacles --<br/>Competition and the habitat of a salt marsh grass --<br/>Competition and the niches of small rodents --<br/>Character displacement --<br/>Investigating the Evidence 13: Field experiments --<br/>Evidence for competition in nature --<br/>Concept 13-4 Review --<br/>Applications: Competition between native and invasive species --<br/>14: Exploitative interactions: predation, herbivory, parasitism, and disease --<br/>Concepts --<br/>14-1: Complex interactions --<br/>Parasites and pathogens that manipulate host behavior --<br/>Entangling of exploitation with competition --<br/>Concept 14-1 Review --<br/>14-2: Exploitation and abundance --<br/>Herbivorous stream insect and its algal food --<br/>Introduced cactus and a herbivorous moth --<br/>Pathogenic parasite, a predator, and its prey --<br/>Concept 14-2 Review --<br/>14-3: Dynamics --<br/>Cycles of abundance in snowshoe hares and their predators --<br/>Investigating the Evidence 14: Standard error of the mean --<br/>Experimental test of food and predation impacts --<br/>Population cycles in mathematical and laboratory models --<br/>Concept 14-3 Review --<br/>14-4: Refuges --<br/>Refuges and host persistence in laboratory and mathematical models --<br/>Exploited organisms and their wide variety of "refuges" --<br/>Concept 14-4 Review --<br/>Applications: Using predators to control a parasite --<br/>15: Mutualism --<br/>Concepts --<br/>15-1: Plant mutualisms --<br/>Plant performance and mycorrhizal fungi --<br/>Ants and swollen thorn acacias --<br/>Temperate plant protection mutualism --<br/>Concept 15-1 Review --<br/>15-2: Coral mutualisms --<br/>Zooxanthellae and corals --<br/>Coral protection mutualism --<br/>Concept 15-2 Review --<br/>15-3: Evolution of mutualism --<br/>Investigating the Evidence 15: Confidence intervals --<br/>Facultative ant-plant protection mutualisms --<br/>Concept 15-3 Review --<br/>Applications: Mutualism and humans --<br/>Guiding behavior --<br/>Section 5: Communities And Ecosystems --<br/>16: Species abundance and diversity --<br/>Concepts --<br/>16-1: Species abundance --<br/>Lognormal distribution --<br/>Concept 16-1 Review --<br/>16-2: Species diversity --<br/>Quantitative index of species diversity --<br/>Rank-abundance curves --<br/>Concept 16-2 Review --<br/>Investigating the Evidence 16: Estimating the number of species in communities --<br/>16-3: Environmental complexity --<br/>Forest complexity and bird species diversity --<br/>Niches, heterogeneity, and the diversity of algae and plants --<br/>Niches of algae and terrestrial plants --<br/>Complexity in plant environments --<br/>Soil and topographic heterogeneity and the diversity of tropical forest trees --<br/>Algal and plant species diversity and increased nutrient availability --<br/>Nitrogen enrichment and ectomycorrhizal fungus diversity --<br/>Concept 16-3 Review --<br/>16-4: Disturbance and diversity --<br/>Nature of equilibrium --<br/>Nature and sources of disturbance --<br/>Intermediate disturbance hypothesis --<br/>Disturbance and diversity in the intertidal zone --<br/>Disturbance and diversity in temperate grasslands --<br/>Concept 16-4 Review --<br/>Applications: Disturbance by humans --<br/>Disturbance by humans and the diversity of chalk grasslands --<br/>17: Species interactions and community structure --<br/>Concepts --<br/>17-1: Community webs --<br/>Detailed food webs reveal great complexity --<br/>Strong interactions and food web structure --<br/>Concept 17-1 Review --<br/>17-2: Indirect interactions --<br/>Indirect commensalism --<br/>Apparent competition --<br/>Concept 17-2 Review --<br/>17-3: Keystone species --<br/>Food web structure and species diversity --<br/>Experimental removal of sea stars --<br/>Snail effects on algal diversity --<br/>Fish as keystone species in river food webs --<br/>Investigating the Evidence 17: Using confidence intervals to compare populations --<br/>Concept 17-3 Review --<br/>17-4: Mutualistic keystones --<br/>Cleaner fish as a keystone species --<br/>Seed dispersal mutualists as keystone species --<br/>Concept 17-4 Review --<br/>Applications: Human modification of food webs --<br/>Empty forest: hunters and tropical rain forest animal communities --<br/>Ants and agriculture: keystone predators for pest control --<br/>18: Primary production and energy flow --<br/>Concepts --<br/>18-1: Patterns of terrestrial primary production --<br/>Actual evaportranspiration and terrestrial primary production --<br/>Soil fertility and terrestrial primary production --<br/>Concept 18-1 Review --<br/>18-2: Patterns of aquatic primary production --<br/>Patterns and models --<br/>Whole lake experiments on primary production --<br/>Global patterns of marine primary production --<br/>Concept 18-2 Review --<br/>18-3: Consumer influences --<br/>Piscivores, planktivores, and lake primary production --<br/>Grazing by large mammals and primary production on the Serengeti --<br/>Investigating the Evidence 18: Comparing two populations with the t-Test --<br/>Concept 18-3 Review --<br/>18-4: Trophic levels --<br/>Trophic dynamic view of ecosystems --<br/>Energy flow in a temperate deciduous forest --<br/>Concept 18-4 Review --<br/>Applications: Using stable isotope analysis to trace energy flow through ecosystems --<br/>Trophic levels of tropical river fish --<br/>Using stable isotopes to identify sources of energy in a salt marsh --<br/>Food habits of prehistoric human populations --<br/>19: Nutrient cycling and retention --<br/>Concepts --<br/>19-1: Nutrient cycles --<br/>Phosphorus cycle --<br/>Nitrogen cycle --<br/>Carbon cycle --<br/>Concept 19-1 Review --<br/>19-2: Rates of decomposition --<br/>Decomposition in two Mediterranean woodland ecosystems --<br/>Decomposition in two temperate forest ecosystems --<br/>Decomposition in aquatic ecosystems --<br/>Investigating the Evidence 19: Assumptions for statistical tests --<br/>Concept 19-2 Review --<br/>19-3: Organisms and nutrients --<br/>Nutrient cycling in streams --<br/>Animals and nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems --<br/>Plants and the nutrient dynamics of ecosystems --<br/>Concept 19-3 Review --<br/>19-4: Disturbance and nutrients --<br/>Disturbance and nutrient loss from the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest --<br/>Flooding and nutrient export by streams --<br/>Concept 19-4 Review --<br/>Applications: Altering aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. 20: Succession and stability --<br/>Concepts --<br/>20-1: Community changes during succession --<br/>Primary succession at Glacier Bay --<br/>Secondary succession in temperate forests --<br/>Succession in rocky intertidal communities --<br/>Succession in stream communities --<br/>Concept 20-1 Review --<br/>20-2: Ecosystem changes during succession --<br/>Ecosystem changes at Glacier Bay --<br/>Four million years of ecosystem change --<br/>Recovery of nutrient retention following disturbance --<br/>Succession and stream ecosystem properties --<br/>Concept 20-2 Review --<br/>20-3: Mechanisms of succession --<br/>Successional mechanisms in the rocky intertidal zone --<br/>Successional mechanisms in forests --<br/>Concept 20-3 Review --<br/>20-4: Community and ecosystem stability --<br/>Some definitions --<br/>Lessons from the park grass experiment --<br/>Replicate disturbances and desert stream stability --<br/>Investigating the Evidence 20: Variation around the median --<br/>Concept 20-4 Review --<br/>Applications: Using repeat photography to detect long-term change --<br/>Section 6: Large-Scale Ecology --<br/>21: Landscape ecology --<br/>Concepts --<br/>21-1: Landscape structure --<br/>Structure of six landscapes in Ohio --<br/>Fractal geometry of landscapes --<br/>Concept 21-1 Review --<br/>21-2: Landscape processes --<br/>Landscape structure and the dispersal of mammals --<br/>Habitat patch size and isolation and the density of butterfly populations --<br/>Habitat corridors and movement of organisms --<br/>Landscape position and lake chemistry --<br/>Investigating the Evidence 21: Comparison of two samples using a rank sum test --<br/>Concept 21-2 Review --<br/>21-3: Origins of landscape structure and change --<br/>Geological processes, climate, and landscape structure --<br/>Organisms and landscape structure --<br/>Fire and the structure of a Mediterranean landscape --<br/>Concept 21-3 Review --<br/>Applications: Restoring a riverine landscape --<br/>Riverine restoration: The Kissimmee River --<br/>22: Geographic ecology --<br/>Concepts --<br/>22-1: Area, isolation, and species richness --<br/>Sampling area and number of species --<br/>Island area and species richness --<br/>Island isolation and species richness --<br/>Concept 22-1 Review --<br/>22-2: Equilibrium model of island biogeography --<br/>Species turnover on islands --<br/>Experimental island biogeography --<br/>Colonization of new islands by plants --<br/>Manipulating island area --<br/>Island biogeography update --<br/>Concept 22-2 Review --<br/>22-3: Latitudinal gradients in species richness --<br/>Area and latitudinal gradients in species richness --<br/>Continental area and species richness --<br/>Concept 22-3 Review --<br/>22-4: Historical and regional influences --<br/>Exceptional patterns of diversity --<br/>Investigating the Evidence 22: Sample size revisited --<br/>Historical and regional explanations --<br/>Concept 22-4 Review --<br/>Applications: Global positioning systems, remote sensing, and geographic information systems --<br/>Global positioning systems --<br/>Remote sensing --<br/>Geographic information systems --<br/>23: Global ecology --<br/>Atmospheric envelope and the greenhouse earth --<br/>Concepts --<br/>23-1: Global system --<br/>Historical thread --<br/>El Nino and La Nina --<br/>El Nino and marine populations --<br/>El Nino and the Great Salt Lake --<br/>El Nino and terrestrial populations in Australia --<br/>Concept 23-1 Review --<br/>23-2: Human activity and the global nitrogen cycle --<br/>Concept 23-2 Review --<br/>23-3: Changes in land cover --<br/>Tropical deforestation --<br/>Investigating the Evidence 23: Discovering what's been discovered --<br/>Concept 23-3 Review --<br/>23-4: Human influence on atmospheric composition --<br/>Depletion and recovery of the ozone layer --<br/>Future --<br/>Concept 23-4 Review --<br/>Applications: Cooperative research networks for global ecology --<br/>Appendix: Statistical Tables --<br/>Glossary --<br/>References --<br/>Credits --<br/>Index. |