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INTRODUCTION: INDIAN WARFARE:<br/>SOME DETERMINANTS<br/>Conceptual Framework; War Galore; Motivation; Just<br/>Wars; Pre-State War; Large Armies; The Affluence;<br/>Trade Factor; Neglected North-West; Geographical Syn<br/>drome; The Terrain; Fortification; Refusal to Learn<br/>1. WARFARE IN ANCIENT INDIA: A SURVEY<br/>Chalcolithic Age, Vedic Age, Later Vedic Age; Epic<br/>References; Age of Mahajanapadasr, Persian Invasions;<br/>Invasion of Alexander; Nanda-Maurya Period;<br/>Satavahanas; Foreign Invasions; Gupta Period;<br/>Vakatakas; Hunas; Post-Gupta Period; Vardhanas; Post-<br/>Harsa Period; Pratiharas; Peninsular Wars [Pallavas;<br/>Calukyas; Rastrakutas; Colas; Pandyas; Ceras]; Puranic<br/>Wars; Points to Ponder<br/>2. MILITARY ORGANIZATION<br/>Classification of Armies \Maula-bala\ Bhrtya-bala\<br/>^reni-bala\ Mitra-bala\ Dvisad-bala\ Atavl-bala\ Other<br/>Classifications; Mantra-bala\, Caste System and Mili<br/>tary Service; Evolution of Arms; Functions of Arms;<br/>Development of Various Arms [Infantry; Chariot Corps;<br/>Decline of Chariot; Elephant Corps; Cavalry; Treasury<br/>and Counsel; Navy; Air Arm]; The Logistics [Epic<br/>Descriptions; Maurya System; Gupta Age and After];<br/>Army Formations: Vedic and Epic Times [Strength of<br/>Formations; Greek Accounts; Evidence of Arthnsaslra,<br/>Views of ^ukrawt/y. Command Structure; Scnapatj [Im<br/>portance; Consecration; Selection; Powers, Qualities and<br/>Privileges]; Other Ranks [Ranks in Arthasastra;<br/>Sukraniti; Nitiprakasikay Salaries of Soldiers [Vedic<br/>System; Epic Times; Arlliasaslra on Salaries; Views of<br/>Sukraniti", NItiprakasika\\ Pension; Defence Production<br/>[Early System; System in Arthasastra\ Greek Aceounlsj;<br/>Salutation; Women in Arms<br/>3. CONDUCT OF WAR<br/>Kala Factor; Dcsa or Bhumi Factor; Svahahi Factor;<br/>^atrubala¥acior\ MandalaFacior, UpayacauistayaiVonx<br/>Means) ySama\ Dana\ Bhcda\ Danda\ Maya\ Upeksa\<br/>Indrajala\\ Danda as Last Option; Sadgunya (Six Mea<br/>sures) \Sandhi\ Vigraha\ Yana\ Asana\ Samsraya\<br/>Dvaidhlhhavay, ^aktistrividha\ Rajaduta\ Sangraina-sajja<br/>[Vedic Soldier;-Epic Soldier; Maurya Soldier; Foreign<br/>Influence; Puranic Evidence]; Mounting of Dhvaja\ Mili<br/>tary Rituals; Army Camp [Sivira in Epic; Arlhasastra\<br/>Kamandaka NItisara\\ Omen; Army on the March<br/>[Length of March]; Choice of Battlefield; The Battles;<br/>Last Rites; Prisoners of War; Spirituous Liquors [Vedic<br/>Times; Epic Times; Arthasastra. etc.; Puranic Litera<br/>ture]; Military Intelligence; Medical Services; Military<br/>Engineers, Military Signals; Concept of Dharmayuddha:<br/>Dharmavijaya\ Morale Factor<br/>4. STRATEGICAL AND TACTICAL CONCEPTS:<br/>VEDAS, EPICS AND SMRTIS<br/>Meaning of Vyuha\ Vedic Age; Vyuhain Epics; Choice<br/>of Array [ Vajra-vyuha\ Sarvatobhadra-vyuha\<br/>Krauhcaruna-vyitha\ Maha-vyuha\ Garuda-vyuha\<br/>Ardhacandra-vyuha\ Vyala-vyuha\ Makara-vyuha\<br/>Krauhca-vyuha\ Syena-vyuha\ Sucimukha-vyuha\<br/>Mandala-vyiiha-. Srhgataka-vyiiha. Sakata-vyCiba. CakiavyCiha',<br/>Cakra-Sakata-Padina-Si!ci-vyuha]\ Vyuha in<br/>Ramayana\ Vyuha in Jatakas, Vyuha in Smrtis; Battle<br/>Array of Porus; Military Thinkers of Epic Times<br/>[^ukraearya; Brhaspati; Yudhisthira; Dhrstadyumna;<br/>Arjuna; :^ikhandin; Bhisma; Dronacai^a; Karna; Rama;<br/>Ravana]<br/>5. STRATEGICAL AND TACTICAL CONCEPTS;<br/>ARTHASASTRA AND 7V/77WORKS<br/>Four Means; Deployment of Forces; Battle Formations<br/>[Sama-vyuha: Visama-vyuha: Misra-vyuha; Suddhavyuha\\<br/>Bala Factor; Prakrti Vyubas\ Danda-vyuha<br/>{Pradara-vyuha\ Drdhaka-vyuha\ Asahya-vyuha\ Syenavyuha\<br/>Capa-vyuha\ Capakuksi-vyuhar, Pratistha-vyuha\<br/>Supratistha-vyuha\ Sanjaya-vyuba\ Vijaya-vyuba\<br/>Stbunakama-vyuba\ Visala-vijaya-vyuba\ Camumukbavyuba,<br/>Jbasasya-vyuba, Sucl-vyidia, Valaya-vyiiba,<br/>Durjaya-vyuba]\ Bboga-vyuba \^akata-vyuba\ Makaravyuha\<br/>Paripantaka-vyuba\\ Mandala-vyuba<br/>\Sarvatobbadra-vyuba\ Durjaya-vyuba\\ Asambatavyuba<br/>[ Vajra- or Godba-vyuba; Uddbanaka- or<br/>Kakapadl-vyuba\ Ardbacandra- or Karkatakasrnglvyuba]-.<br/>Miscellaneous Arrays [Arista-vyuba, Acalavyuba,<br/>Apratibata-vyuba]\ Kamandaka Niti on Vyuba\<br/>Agni Parana on Vyuba\ Sukraniti on Vyiiba\ Guerrilla<br/>Warfare; Later Developments; Foreign Influence<br/>6. WEAPONS AND ARMOUR<br/>Chalcolithic Age; Vedic Age; Use of Iron; Classifica<br/>tion of Weapons [Mababbarata\ Anbasastra\ Agni<br/>Purana\ Dbanurveda\ $isupalavadba\\ Bow; Arrow;<br/>Quiver; Mounted Archer; Stirrup; Bridle; Saddle; Sword;<br/>Sheath; Spear; Mace; Noose; Battle-axe; Thunderbolt;<br/>Machines; Shield; Armour; Foreign Impact; Divine<br/>Weapons; Fire Arms<br/>7. FORTIFICATION AND SIEGE-CRAFT<br/>Importance of Fort; History [Vedic and Post-Vedic<br/>Period; Mabajanapada hgc\ Maurya Period; Artbasastra<br/>on Fort; Epic and Puranic View; Greek and Kusana<br/>Innovations]; Sanci Evidence [Forts of South India];<br/>Fort Types \Gin-durga\ Jala-durga\ Dhanva-duigg<br/>Vana-durga\ Mahi-durga, Manusya-diirga\\ Security of<br/>Fort; Siege-craft<br/>8. EDUCATION AND TRAINING<br/>Dhanurveda\ Importance of Training; System of<br/>Education \Asramasr, Taxila Centre; Village Centres,<br/>State Centres; Viharasr, Guru Tradition]; Scope of Train<br/>ing [Hunting]; Training in Weapons [Bow; Sword; Mace;<br/>Short Sword; Shield; Noose; Movements]; Training of<br/>Animals [Elephants; Horses; Camels; Dogs]<br/>9. MILITARY SYMBOLS AND CEREMONIALS<br/>Dhvaja [Symbol of Faith]; Early Dbvajas [Vedic Age;<br/>Epic Times; Nanda-Maurya Age; Gupta Age; Post-Gupta<br/>Period]; Pataka\ Related Customs \Dhvaja-Mahotsava\\<br/>War-God; Military Ceremonials [ Vajapeya; Rajasuya:<br/>Asvamedha;NIrajana;Salru-bali\\\{onom?,and Awards<br/>[Spoils of :War, Heavenly Bliss, Memorials, Cash<br/>Awards, Land Grants, Fillet of Honour, Enhanced Pay<br/>and Promotions; Royal Emblems and Titles]; Martial<br/>Music [Vedic Age; Epic Times; Maurya Period and<br/>After; Puranic Evidence; Seventh Century and After;<br/>Bardic Tradition]; Some Musical Instruments {Dundubhr,.<br/>^amkha; Turya]<br/>10. CONCLUSION<br/>Social Framework; Political Bearings; Unending Wars;<br/>Organizational Set-up; Exaggerated Numbers; Salaried<br/>Soldiers; Pursuit of War; Strategy and Tactics; Imple<br/>ments of War; Defensive Mentality; Education and Train<br/>ing; Ceremonials; Revolutionary Changes; Foreign<br/>Impact; Social Consequences; Dismal Showing |
