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Statistics for research: with a guide to SPSS / (Record no. 1173)

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020 ## - INTERNATIONAL STANDARD BOOK NUMBER
International Standard Book Number	1412919479 (hardback)
020 ## - INTERNATIONAL STANDARD BOOK NUMBER
International Standard Book Number	1412919487 (pbk.)
040 ## - CATALOGING SOURCE
Transcribing agency	CUS
082 00 - DEWEY DECIMAL CLASSIFICATION NUMBER
Classification number	519.50285
Item number	ARG/S
100 1# - MAIN ENTRY--PERSONAL NAME
Personal name	Argyrous, George,
245 10 - TITLE STATEMENT
Title	Statistics for research: with a guide to SPSS /
Statement of responsibility, etc.	George Argyrous.
250 ## - EDITION STATEMENT
Edition statement	2nd ed.
260 ## - PUBLICATION, DISTRIBUTION, ETC. (IMPRINT)
Place of publication, distribution, etc.	Thousand Oaks,
Name of publisher, distributor, etc.	SAGE Publications,
Date of publication, distribution, etc.	2005.
300 ## - PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION
Extent	xiv, 401 p. :
Dimensions	25 cm. +
Accompanying material	1 CD-ROM (4 3/4 in.)
500 ## - GENERAL NOTE
General note	Rev. ed. of: Statistics for social and health research. 2000.
500 ## - GENERAL NOTE
General note	Includes index.
505 ## - FORMATTED CONTENTS NOTE
Formatted contents note	Part 1 An introduction to statistical analysis<br/>1 Variables and their measurement 3<br/>The conceptualization and operationalization of variables 4<br/>Scales of measurement 7<br/>Levels of measurement 8<br/>Univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analysis 11<br/>Descriptive statistics 14<br/>Exercises 15<br/>2 Setting up an SPSS data file 17<br/>Obtaining a copy of SPSS 17<br/>Alternatives to SPSS 17<br/>Options for data entry in SPSS 18<br/>The SPSS Data Editor 19<br/>Assigning a variable name 21<br/>Setting the data type 22<br/>Setting the data width and decimal places 23<br/>Defining variable labels 23<br/>Defining value labels 24<br/>Setting missing values 25<br/>Setting the column format and aligmnent 26<br/>Specifying the level of measurement 27<br/>Generating variable definitions in SPSS 28<br/>The SPSS Viewer window 32<br/>Saving a data file 32<br/>Data entry 33<br/>Checking for incorrect values: Data cleaning 35<br/>Summary 35<br/>Exercises 35<br/>Part 2 Descriptive statistics: Graphs and tables<br/>3 The graphical description of data 39<br/>Some general principles 39<br/>Pie graphs 40<br/>Bar graphs 42<br/>Histograms and polygons 44<br/>Interpreting a univariate distribution 46<br/>Graphing two variables 47<br/>Common problems and misuses of graphs 50<br/>Exercises 53<br/>The tabular description of data 55<br/>Listed data tables 55<br/>Simple frequency tables 55<br/>Relative frequency tables: percentages and proportions 57<br/>Cumulative frequency tables 60<br/>Class intervals 61<br/>Percentiles 64<br/>Frequency tables using SPSS 65<br/>Valid cases and missing values 67<br/>Improving the look of tables 67<br/>Exercises 68<br/>Using tables to investigate the relationship between variables: Crosstabulations 70<br/>Crosstabulations as descriptive statistics 70<br/>Types of data suitable for crosstabulations 72<br/>Crosstabulations with relative frequencies 73<br/>Crosstabulations using SPSS 74<br/>Interpreting a crosstabulation: The pattern and strength of a relationship 75<br/>Interpreting a crosstabulation when both variables are at least ordinal 76<br/>Summary 78<br/>Exercises 78<br/>Measures of association for crosstabulations: Nominal data 81<br/>Measures of association as descriptive statistics 81<br/>Measures of association for nominal scales 83<br/>Properties of lambda 86<br/>Lambda using SPSS 87<br/>Limitations on the use of lambda 90<br/>Standardizing table frequencies 92<br/>Exercises 93<br/>Measures of association for crosstabulations: Ranked data 95<br/>Data considerations 95<br/>Concordant pairs 96<br/>Discordant pairs 97<br/>Measures of association for ranked data 98<br/>Gamma 99<br/>Somers' d 101<br/>Kendall's tau-6 102<br/>Kendall's tau-c 102<br/>Measures of association using SPSS 102<br/>Summary 107<br/>Exercises 107<br/>Multivariate analysis of crosstabs: Elaboration 110<br/>Direct relationship 110<br/>Elaboration of crosstabs using SPSS 112<br/>Partial gamma 113<br/>Spurious or intervening relationship? 114<br/>Conditional relationship 115<br/>Summary 117<br/>Exercises 118<br/>Part 3 Descriptive statistics: Numerical measures<br/>9 Measures of central tendency 123<br/>Measures of central tendency 123<br/>The mode 124<br/>The median 125<br/>The mean 126<br/>Choosing a measure of central tendency 12S<br/>Measures of central tendency using SPSS: Univariate analysis 129<br/>Measures of central tendency using SPSS: Bivariate and multivariate analysis 132<br/>Summary 133<br/>Exercises 134<br/>10 Measures of dispersion 136<br/>The range 136<br/>The interquartile range 137<br/>The standard deviation 138<br/>Coefficient of relative variation 140<br/>Index of qualitative variation 141<br/>Measures of dispersion using SPSS 145<br/>Summary 145<br/>Exercises 146<br/>11 The normal curve 147<br/>The normal distribution 147<br/>Using normal curves to describe a distribution 150<br/>r-scores 151<br/>Normal curves on SPSS 157<br/>Exercises 159<br/>12 Correlation and regression 161<br/>Scatter plots 161<br/>Linear regression 162<br/>Pearson's product moment correlation coefficient 169<br/>Explaining variance: The coefficient of determination 170<br/>Plots, correlation, and regression using SPSS 172<br/>The assumptions behind regression analysis 177<br/>Spearman's rank-order correlation coefficient 179<br/>Spearman's rho using SPSS 180<br/>Correlation where the independent variable is categorical: Eta 182<br/>Summary 183<br/>Exercises 183<br/>13 Multiple regression 187<br/>Introduction to multiple regression 188<br/>Multiple regression with SPSS 190<br/>Testing for the significance of the multivariate model 193<br/>Alternative methods for selecting variables in the regression model 193<br/>Stepwise regression 194<br/>Extending the basic regression analysis: Adding categorical independent variables 197<br/>Further extensions to the basic regression analysis: Hierarchical regression 198<br/>The assumptions behind multiple regression 198<br/>Exercises 199<br/>Part 4 Inferential statistics: Tests for a mean<br/>14 Sampling distributions 203<br/>Random samples 204<br/>The sampling distribution of a sample statistic 205<br/>The central limit theorem 210<br/>Generating random samples using SPSS 210<br/>Summary 212<br/>Exercises 212<br/>15 Introduction to hypothesis testing and the one sample z-test for a mean 214<br/>Step 1: State the null and alternative hypotheses 217<br/>Step 2: Choose the test of significance 219<br/>Step 3: Describe the sample and derive the /7-score 220<br/>Step 4: Decide at what alpha level, if any, the result is statistically significant 222<br/>Step 5; Report results 224<br/>What does it mean when we 'fail to reject the null hypothesis'? 226<br/>What does it mean to 'reject the null hypothesis'? 226<br/>A two-tail z-test for a single mean 227<br/>The debate over one-tail and two-tail tests of significance 228<br/>A one-tail z-test for a single mean 229<br/>Summary 230<br/>Appendix: Hypothesis testing using critical values of the test statistic 230<br/>Exercises 231<br/>16 The one sample /-test for a mean 233<br/>The Student's /-distribution 233<br/>The one sample /-test for a mean 234<br/>The one sample /-test using SPSS 238<br/>Summary 239<br/>Exercises 240<br/>17 Inference using estimation and confidence intervals 242<br/>The sampling distribution of sample means 242<br/>Estimation 243<br/>Changing the confidence level 247<br/>Changing the sample size 250<br/>Estimation using SPSS 250<br/>Confidence intervals and hypothesis testing 252<br/>Exercises 253<br/>18 The two samples /-test for the equality of means 255<br/>Dependent and independent variables 256<br/>The sampling distribution of the difference between two means 257<br/>The two samples /-test for the equality of means 259<br/>The two samples /-test using SPSS 261<br/>Exercises 264<br/>19 The F-test for the equality of more than two means: Analysis of variance 266<br/>The one-way analysis of variance F-test 269<br/>ANOVA using SPSS 272<br/>Summary 277<br/>Exercises 279<br/>IX<br/>20 The two dependent samples /-test for the mean difference 280<br/>Dependent and independent samples 2S()<br/>The two dependent samples /-test for the mean difference 281<br/>The two dependent samples /-test using SPSS 283<br/>Pxercises 286<br/>Part 5 Inferential statistics: Tests for frequency distributions<br/>21 One sample tests for a binomial distribution 291<br/>Data considerations 291<br/>The sampling distribution of sample percentages 292<br/>The r-tcst for a binomial percentage 293<br/>The j-tcst for a binomial percentage using SPSS 295<br/>Estimating a population percentage 297<br/>The runs test for randomness 299<br/>The runs test using SPSS 302<br/>Exercises 303<br/>22 One sample tests for a multinomial distribution 305<br/>The chi-squarc goodncss-of-fit test 305<br/>Chi-squarc goodncss-of-fit test using SPSS 308<br/>The chi-squarc goodncss-of-fit test for nonnality 312<br/>Summary 313<br/>Exercises 314<br/>23 The chi-square test for independence 316<br/>The chi-square test and other tests of significance 316<br/>Statistical independence 317<br/>The chi-square test for independence 317<br/>The distribution of chi-square 322<br/>The chi-square test using SPSS 323<br/>Problems with small samples 328<br/>Problems with large samples 329<br/>Appendix: hypothesis testing for two percentages 331<br/>Exercises 333<br/>24 Frequency tests for two dependent samples 335<br/>The McNemar chi-square test for change 335<br/>The McNemar test using SPSS 337<br/>The sign test 338<br/>Summary 340<br/>Exercises 340<br/>Part 6 Inferential statistics: Other tests of significance<br/>25 Rank-order tests for two or more samples 343<br/>Data considerations 343<br/>The rank sum and mean rank as descriptive statistics 344<br/>The z-test for the rank sum for two independent samples 348<br/>Wilcoxon's rank sum z-test using SPSS 352<br/>The Wilcoxon signed-ranks z-test for two dependent samples 353<br/>The Wilcoxon signed-ranks test using SPSS 356<br/>Other non-parametric tests for two or more samples 357<br/>Appendix: the Mann-Whitney U test 358<br/>Exercises 359<br/>26 The /-test for a correlation coefficient 362<br/>The /-test for Pearson's correlation coefficient 362<br/>Testing the significance of Pearson's correlation coefficient using SPSS 364<br/>The /-test for Spearman's rank-order correlation coefficient 365<br/>Testing the significance of Spearman's correlation coefficient using SPSS 366<br/>Testing for significance in multiple regression 367<br/>Exercises 368<br/>Appendix 369<br/>Table A1 Area under the standard normal curve 369<br/>Table A2 Critical values for /-distributions 370<br/>Table A3 Critical values for F-distributions (a = 0.05) 371<br/>Table A4 Critical values for chi-square distributions 372<br/>Table A5 Sampling errors for a binomial distribution (95% confidence level) 373<br/>Table A6 Sampling errors for a binomial distribution (99% confidence level) 373Part 1 An introduction to statistical analysis<br/>1 Variables and their measurement 3<br/>The conceptualization and operationalization of variables 4<br/>Scales of measurement 7<br/>Levels of measurement 8<br/>Univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analysis 11<br/>Descriptive statistics 14<br/>Exercises 15<br/>2 Setting up an SPSS data file 17<br/>Obtaining a copy of SPSS 17<br/>Alternatives to SPSS 17<br/>Options for data entry in SPSS 18<br/>The SPSS Data Editor 19<br/>Assigning a variable name 21<br/>Setting the data type 22<br/>Setting the data width and decimal places 23<br/>Defining variable labels 23<br/>Defining value labels 24<br/>Setting missing values 25<br/>Setting the column format and aligmnent 26<br/>Specifying the level of measurement 27<br/>Generating variable definitions in SPSS 28<br/>The SPSS Viewer window 32<br/>Saving a data file 32<br/>Data entry 33<br/>Checking for incorrect values: Data cleaning 35<br/>Summary 35<br/>Exercises 35<br/>Part 2 Descriptive statistics: Graphs and tables<br/>3 The graphical description of data 39<br/>Some general principles 39<br/>Pie graphs 40<br/>Bar graphs 42<br/>Histograms and polygons 44<br/>Interpreting a univariate distribution 46<br/>Graphing two variables 47<br/>Common problems and misuses of graphs 50<br/>Exercises 53<br/>The tabular description of data 55<br/>Listed data tables 55<br/>Simple frequency tables 55<br/>Relative frequency tables: percentages and proportions 57<br/>Cumulative frequency tables 60<br/>Class intervals 61<br/>Percentiles 64<br/>Frequency tables using SPSS 65<br/>Valid cases and missing values 67<br/>Improving the look of tables 67<br/>Exercises 68<br/>Using tables to investigate the relationship between variables: Crosstabulations 70<br/>Crosstabulations as descriptive statistics 70<br/>Types of data suitable for crosstabulations 72<br/>Crosstabulations with relative frequencies 73<br/>Crosstabulations using SPSS 74<br/>Interpreting a crosstabulation: The pattern and strength of a relationship 75<br/>Interpreting a crosstabulation when both variables are at least ordinal 76<br/>Summary 78<br/>Exercises 78<br/>Measures of association for crosstabulations: Nominal data 81<br/>Measures of association as descriptive statistics 81<br/>Measures of association for nominal scales 83<br/>Properties of lambda 86<br/>Lambda using SPSS 87<br/>Limitations on the use of lambda 90<br/>Standardizing table frequencies 92<br/>Exercises 93<br/>Measures of association for crosstabulations: Ranked data 95<br/>Data considerations 95<br/>Concordant pairs 96<br/>Discordant pairs 97<br/>Measures of association for ranked data 98<br/>Gamma 99<br/>Somers' d 101<br/>Kendall's tau-6 102<br/>Kendall's tau-c 102<br/>Measures of association using SPSS 102<br/>Summary 107<br/>Exercises 107<br/>Multivariate analysis of crosstabs: Elaboration 110<br/>Direct relationship 110<br/>Elaboration of crosstabs using SPSS 112<br/>Partial gamma 113<br/>Spurious or intervening relationship? 114<br/>Conditional relationship 115<br/>Summary 117<br/>Exercises 118<br/>Part 3 Descriptive statistics: Numerical measures<br/>9 Measures of central tendency 123<br/>Measures of central tendency 123<br/>The mode 124<br/>The median 125<br/>The mean 126<br/>Choosing a measure of central tendency 12S<br/>Measures of central tendency using SPSS: Univariate analysis 129<br/>Measures of central tendency using SPSS: Bivariate and multivariate analysis 132<br/>Summary 133<br/>Exercises 134<br/>10 Measures of dispersion 136<br/>The range 136<br/>The interquartile range 137<br/>The standard deviation 138<br/>Coefficient of relative variation 140<br/>Index of qualitative variation 141<br/>Measures of dispersion using SPSS 145<br/>Summary 145<br/>Exercises 146<br/>11 The normal curve 147<br/>The normal distribution 147<br/>Using normal curves to describe a distribution 150<br/>r-scores 151<br/>Normal curves on SPSS 157<br/>Exercises 159<br/>12 Correlation and regression 161<br/>Scatter plots 161<br/>Linear regression 162<br/>Pearson's product moment correlation coefficient 169<br/>Explaining variance: The coefficient of determination 170<br/>Plots, correlation, and regression using SPSS 172<br/>The assumptions behind regression analysis 177<br/>Spearman's rank-order correlation coefficient 179<br/>Spearman's rho using SPSS 180<br/>Correlation where the independent variable is categorical: Eta 182<br/>Summary 183<br/>Exercises 183<br/>13 Multiple regression 187<br/>Introduction to multiple regression 188<br/>Multiple regression with SPSS 190<br/>Testing for the significance of the multivariate model 193<br/>Alternative methods for selecting variables in the regression model 193<br/>Stepwise regression 194<br/>Extending the basic regression analysis: Adding categorical independent variables 197<br/>Further extensions to the basic regression analysis: Hierarchical regression 198<br/>The assumptions behind multiple regression 198<br/>Exercises 199<br/>Part 4 Inferential statistics: Tests for a mean<br/>14 Sampling distributions 203<br/>Random samples 204<br/>The sampling distribution of a sample statistic 205<br/>The central limit theorem 210<br/>Generating random samples using SPSS 210<br/>Summary 212<br/>Exercises 212<br/>15 Introduction to hypothesis testing and the one sample z-test for a mean 214<br/>Step 1: State the null and alternative hypotheses 217<br/>Step 2: Choose the test of significance 219<br/>Step 3: Describe the sample and derive the /7-score 220<br/>Step 4: Decide at what alpha level, if any, the result is statistically significant 222<br/>Step 5; Report results 224<br/>What does it mean when we 'fail to reject the null hypothesis'? 226<br/>What does it mean to 'reject the null hypothesis'? 226<br/>A two-tail z-test for a single mean 227<br/>The debate over one-tail and two-tail tests of significance 228<br/>A one-tail z-test for a single mean 229<br/>Summary 230<br/>Appendix: Hypothesis testing using critical values of the test statistic 230<br/>Exercises 231<br/>16 The one sample /-test for a mean 233<br/>The Student's /-distribution 233<br/>The one sample /-test for a mean 234<br/>The one sample /-test using SPSS 238<br/>Summary 239<br/>Exercises 240<br/>17 Inference using estimation and confidence intervals 242<br/>The sampling distribution of sample means 242<br/>Estimation 243<br/>Changing the confidence level 247<br/>Changing the sample size 250<br/>Estimation using SPSS 250<br/>Confidence intervals and hypothesis testing 252<br/>Exercises 253<br/>18 The two samples /-test for the equality of means 255<br/>Dependent and independent variables 256<br/>The sampling distribution of the difference between two means 257<br/>The two samples /-test for the equality of means 259<br/>The two samples /-test using SPSS 261<br/>Exercises 264<br/>19 The F-test for the equality of more than two means: Analysis of variance 266<br/>The one-way analysis of variance F-test 269<br/>ANOVA using SPSS 272<br/>Summary 277<br/>Exercises 279<br/>IX<br/>20 The two dependent samples /-test for the mean difference 280<br/>Dependent and independent samples 2S()<br/>The two dependent samples /-test for the mean difference 281<br/>The two dependent samples /-test using SPSS 283<br/>Pxercises 286<br/>Part 5 Inferential statistics: Tests for frequency distributions<br/>21 One sample tests for a binomial distribution 291<br/>Data considerations 291<br/>The sampling distribution of sample percentages 292<br/>The r-tcst for a binomial percentage 293<br/>The j-tcst for a binomial percentage using SPSS 295<br/>Estimating a population percentage 297<br/>The runs test for randomness 299<br/>The runs test using SPSS 302<br/>Exercises 303<br/>22 One sample tests for a multinomial distribution 305<br/>The chi-squarc goodncss-of-fit test 305<br/>Chi-squarc goodncss-of-fit test using SPSS 308<br/>The chi-squarc goodncss-of-fit test for nonnality 312<br/>Summary 313<br/>Exercises 314<br/>23 The chi-square test for independence 316<br/>The chi-square test and other tests of significance 316<br/>Statistical independence 317<br/>The chi-square test for independence 317<br/>The distribution of chi-square 322<br/>The chi-square test using SPSS 323<br/>Problems with small samples 328<br/>Problems with large samples 329<br/>Appendix: hypothesis testing for two percentages 331<br/>Exercises 333<br/>24 Frequency tests for two dependent samples 335<br/>The McNemar chi-square test for change 335<br/>The McNemar test using SPSS 337<br/>The sign test 338<br/>Summary 340<br/>Exercises 340<br/>Part 6 Inferential statistics: Other tests of significance<br/>25 Rank-order tests for two or more samples 343<br/>Data considerations 343<br/>The rank sum and mean rank as descriptive statistics 344<br/>The z-test for the rank sum for two independent samples 348<br/>Wilcoxon's rank sum z-test using SPSS 352<br/>The Wilcoxon signed-ranks z-test for two dependent samples 353<br/>The Wilcoxon signed-ranks test using SPSS 356<br/>Other non-parametric tests for two or more samples 357<br/>Appendix: the Mann-Whitney U test 358<br/>Exercises 359<br/>26 The /-test for a correlation coefficient 362<br/>The /-test for Pearson's correlation coefficient 362<br/>Testing the significance of Pearson's correlation coefficient using SPSS 364<br/>The /-test for Spearman's rank-order correlation coefficient 365<br/>Testing the significance of Spearman's correlation coefficient using SPSS 366<br/>Testing for significance in multiple regression 367<br/>Exercises 368<br/>Appendix 369<br/>Table A1 Area under the standard normal curve 369<br/>Table A2 Critical values for /-distributions 370<br/>Table A3 Critical values for F-distributions (a = 0.05) 371<br/>Table A4 Critical values for chi-square distributions 372<br/>Table A5 Sampling errors for a binomial distribution (95% confidence level) 373<br/>Table A6 Sampling errors for a binomial distribution (99% confidence level) 373
650 #0 - SUBJECT
Keyword	Social Sciences
General subdivision	Statistical Methods.
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Koha item type	General Books

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